Etymologie, Etimología, Étymologie, Etimologia, Etymology
@_ Welt, Mundo, Monde, Mondo, World
Kultur, Culture, Culture

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google
UNESCO Weltkulturerbe

(E?)(L?) http://www.google.com/unesco/

Discover UNESCO World Heritage sites
Take a virtual walk around some of the world's most remarkable natural and cultural landmarks using Google Maps, Google Earth and Street View.

Erstellt: 2010-02

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HKW (W3)

"HKW" steht für "Haus der Kulturen der Welt".

(E?)(L2) http://www.hkw.de/
Das Haus der Kulturen der Welt ist eines der führenden Zentren für zeitgenössische außereuropäische Künste und Ort grenzüberschreitender Projekte.

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ICH (W3)

"ICH" steht für engl. "Intangible Cultural Heritage" = dt. "Immaterielles Kulturerbe" = frz. "Patrimoine immatériel".

(E?)(L?) http://www.unesco.at/kultur/immat_kulturerbe.htm
(E?)(L?) http://www.unesco.ch/die-unesco/kulturprogramm/immaterielles-kulturerbe.html
(E?)(L?) http://www.unesco.de/immaterielles-kulturerbe.html
(E?)(L?) http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/

Intangible Heritage Home
About Intangible Heritage: What is Intangible Heritage? | Why a Convention? | Brief history | Intangible Heritage domains | Oral traditions and expressions | Performing arts | Social practices, rituals and... | Knowledge concerning nature... | Traditional craftsmanship | Photo Exhibition | The exhibition travels | Proclamation of Masterpieces | Special prizes
Convention: Text of the Convention | In other languages | How to ratify? | The States Parties | Governing bodies | Secretariat | Operational Directives | Accreditation of NGOs | Emblem competition | Forms for nominations
General Assembly: Rules of Procedure | 1.GA - June 2006 | 1.EXT.GA - November 2006 | 2.GA - June 2008
Intergovernmental Committee: Rules of Procedure | Members of the Committee | Subsidiary bodies | 1.COM - November 2006 | 1.EXT.COM - May 2007 | 2.COM - September 2007 | 2.EXT.COM - February 2008 | 3.EXT.COM - June 2008 | 3.COM - November 2008 | NGO accreditation requests | 4.COM - Sept/Oct 2009 | General information | 6. Raising awareness about ICH | 10. Comments on the contribution of NGOs
The Intangible Heritage Lists: The Urgent Safeguarding List | The Representative List
Safeguarding: Involvement of communities | NGOs, centres and experts | Inventorying Intangible Heritage | Safeguarding without freezing | Identifying for safeguarding | Tradition bearers and practitioners | Philippines - Community-based documentation | Ehiopia - recording of music and dance traditions | Bulgaria - ICH inventories | Brazil - ICH inventories | Venezuela - ICH inventories | Outline for inventorying ICH | Legislation | Transmission | Living human treasures | Other measures
Endangered languages: Interactive Atlas | Previous editions (1996, 2001) | Editors and contributors | Language mapping | Contribute your comments | Language vitality | Linguistic and biological diversity | Register of good practices | Safeguarding projects | Partnership with Discovery Communications (2002-2004) | Websites and online resources | Selected bibliography | FAQ on languages in danger
International Assistance & Partnerships: International Assistance & Fund | Funds-in-Trust | Italy | Japan | Norway | Republic of Korea | Partnerships and contributions | Asahi Shimbun | European Union (MedLiHer) | NHK | SAMSUNG
Publications & documentation: Resources on Intangible Heritage | Intangible Heritage Messenger | Collection of Traditional Music
Meetings
Projects and activities
ICH and the other priorities of UNESCO: Africa | Gender equality | Small Island Developing States
FAQ: Fold the menu
ICH Worldwide
Africa - Algeria Benin Burkina Faso Burundi Central African Republic Chad Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Guinea Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Sao Tome and Principe Senegal Seychelles Sudan Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
Arab States - Algeria Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Lebanon Mauritania Morocco Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Sudan Syrian Arab Republic Tunisia United Arab Emirates Yemen
Asia and the Pacific - Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China Democratic People's Republic of Korea India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Japan Kyrgyzstan Malaysia Mongolia Pakistan Papua New Guinea Philippines Republic of Korea Russian Federation Sri Lanka Tajikistan Tonga Turkey Uzbekistan Vanuatu Viet Nam
Europe and North America - Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia France Georgia Greece Hungary Iceland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Monaco Montenegro Norway Portugal Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation Slovakia Slovenia Spain Switzerland Tajikistan The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Turkey Ukraine
Latin America and the Caribbean - Argentina Barbados Belize Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Brazil Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Lucia Uruguay Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Lists of States Parties

(E?)(L?) http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00011

The Intangible Heritage Lists

The List of Intangible Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding which came into being in Abu Dhabi, includes 12 elements proposed by States Parties to the Convention and whose viability is endangered, despite the efforts of the community or group concerned. By inscribing an element on this List, the State undertakes to implement specific safeguards and may be eligible to receive financial assistance from a Fund set up for this purpose.

The Representative List already included 90 elements, following the incorporation of the 90 masterpieces proclaimed before the Convention entered into force. It is now augmented by 76 first elements inscribed according to criteria defined in the operational directives of the Convention. These elements must help enhance the visibility of the intangible cultural heritage and raise awareness regarding its importance; they must benefit from measures to promote their continued practice and transmission, and must have been nominated by States with the active and widest possible participation of the communities concerned, and with their free, prior and informed consent.

The Committee also selected 3 safeguarding programmes, projects and activities that it considers best reflect the principles and objectives of the Convention. The Committee hopes to use this register of good practices to raise public awareness of the importance of intangible heritage and the need to safeguard it.

Albania
Representative List
Albanian Folk Iso-polyphony (2008)
Algeria
Representative List
The Ahellil of Gouara (2008)
Argentina
Representative List
The Tango (2009)
Multinational: Argentina - Uruguay
Armenia
Representative List
The Duduk and its Music (2008)
Azerbaijan
Representative List
Novruz, Nowrouz, Nooruz, Navruz, Nauroz, Nevruz (2009)
Multinational: Azerbaijan - India - Iran (Islamic Republic of) - Kyrgyzstan - Uzbekistan - Pakistan - Turkey
The art of Azerbaijani Ashiq (2009)
The Azerbaijani Mugham (2008)
Bangladesh
Representative List
Baul Songs (2008)
Belarus
Urgent Safeguarding List
Rite of the Kalyady Tsars (Christmas Tsars) (2009)
Belgium
Representative List
Procession of the Holy Blood in Bruges (2009)
Processional Giants and Dragons in Belgium and France (2008)
Multinational: Belgium - France
The Carnival of Binche (2008)
Belize
Representative List
Language, Dance and Music of the Garifuna (2008)
Multinational: Belize - Guatemala - Honduras - Nicaragua
Benin*
Representative List
The Oral Heritage of Gelede (2008)
Multinational: Benin - Nigeria - Togo
Bhutan
Representative List
The Mask Dance of the Drums from Drametse (2008)
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)
Representative List
The Andean Cosmovision of the Kallawaya (2008)
The Carnival of Oruro (2008)
Article 18
Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage of Aymara communities in Bolivia, Chile and Peru (2009)
Multinational: Bolivia (Plurinational State of) - Chile - Peru
Brazil
Representative List
Oral and Graphic Expressions of the Wajapi (2008)
The Samba de Roda of Recôncavo of Bahia (2008)
Bulgaria
Representative List
Nestinarstvo, messages from the past: the Panagyr of Saints Constantine and Helena in the village of Bulgari (2009)
The Bistritsa Babi - Archaic Polyphony, Dances and Rituals from the Shoplouk Region (2008)
Cambodia
Representative List
Sbek Thom, Khmer Shadow Theatre (2008)
The Royal Ballet of Cambodia (2008)
Central African Republic
Representative List
The Polyphonic Singing of the Aka Pygmies of Central Africa (2008)
Chile
Article 18
Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage of Aymara communities in Bolivia, Chile and Peru (2009)
Multinational: Bolivia (Plurinational State of) - Chile - Peru
China
Urgent Safeguarding List
Qiang New Year festival (2009)
Traditional Li textile techniques: spinning, dyeing, weaving and embroidering (2009)
Traditional design and practices for building Chinese wooden arch bridges (2009)
Representative List
China engraved block printing technique (2009)
Chinese calligraphy (2009)
Chinese paper-cut (2009)
Chinese traditional architectural craftsmanship for timber-framed structures (2009)
Farmers’ dance of China’s Korean ethnic group (2009)
Gesar epic tradition (2009)
Grand song of the Dong ethnic group (2009)
Hua’er (2009)
Manas (2009)
Mongolian art of singing: Khoomei (2009)
Nanyin (2009)
Regong arts (2009)
Sericulture and silk craftsmanship of China (2009)
The Dragon Boat festival (2009)
The Mazu belief and customs (2009)
The art of Chinese seal engraving (2009)
The craftsmanship of Nanjing Yunjin brocade (2009)
The traditional firing technology of Longquan celadon (2009)
The traditional handicrafts of making Xuan paper (2009)
Tibetan opera (2009)
Xi’an wind and percussion ensemble (2009)
Yueju opera (2009)
Kun Qu Opera (2008)
The Guqin and its Music (2008)
The Uyghur Muqam of Xinjiang (2008)
Urtiin Duu - Traditional Folk Long Song (2008)
Multinational: China - Mongolia
Colombia
Representative List
Carnaval de Negros y Blancos (2009)
Holy Week processions in Popayán (2009)
The Carnival of Barranquilla (2008)
The Cultural Space of Palenque de San Basilio (2008)
Costa Rica
Representative List
Oxherding and Oxcart Traditions in Costa Rica (2008)
Côte d'Ivoire
Representative List
The Gbofe of Afounkaha - the Music of the Transverse Trumps of the Tagbana Community (2008)
Croatia
Representative List
Annual carnival bell ringers’ pageant from the Kastav area (2009)
Lacemaking in Croatia (2009)
Procession Za Krizen (‘following the cross’) on the island of Hvar (2009)
Spring procession of Ljelje/Kraljice (queens) from Gorjani (2009)
The festivity of Saint Blaise, the patron of Dubrovnik (2009)
Traditional manufacturing of children’s wooden toys in Hrvatsko Zagorje (2009)
Two-part singing and playing in the Istrian scale (2009)
Cuba
Representative List
La Tumba Francesa (2008)
Cyprus
Representative List
Lefkara laces or Lefkaritika (2009)
Czech Republic
Representative List
Slovácko Verbunk, Recruit Dances (2008)
Dominican Republic
Representative List
The Cocolo Dance Drama Tradition (2008)
The Cultural Space of the Brotherhood of the Holy Spirit of the Congos of Villa Mella (2008)
Ecuador
Representative List
The Oral Heritage and Cultural Manifestations of the Zápara People (2008)
Multinational: Ecuador - Peru
Egypt
Representative List
The Al-Sirah Al-Hilaliyyah Epic (2008)
Estonia
Representative List
Seto Leelo, Seto polyphonic singing tradition (2009)
The Baltic Song and Dance Celebrations (2008)
Multinational: Estonia - Latvia - Lithuania
The Kihnu Cultural Space (2008)
France
Representative List
Aubusson tapestry (2009)
Maloya (2009)
The scribing tradition in French timber framing (2009)
Processional Giants and Dragons in Belgium and France (2008)
Multinational: Belgium - France
Urgent Safeguarding List
The Cantu in paghjella: a secular and liturgical oral tradition of Corsica (2009)
Gambia*
Representative List
The Kankurang, Manding Initiatory Rite (2008)
Multinational: Gambia - Senegal
Georgia
Representative List
Georgian Polyphonic Singing (2008)
Guatemala
Representative List
Language, Dance and Music of the Garifuna (2008)
Multinational: Belize - Guatemala - Honduras - Nicaragua
The Rabinal Achí Dance Drama Tradition (2008)
Guinea
Representative List
The Cultural Space of Sosso-Bala (2008)
Honduras
Representative List
Language, Dance and Music of the Garifuna (2008)
Multinational: Belize - Guatemala - Honduras - Nicaragua
Hungary
Representative List
Busó festivities at Mohács: masked end-of-winter carnival custom (2009)
India
Representative List
Novruz, Nowrouz, Nooruz, Navruz, Nauroz, Nevruz (2009)
Multinational: Azerbaijan - India - Iran (Islamic Republic of) - Kyrgyzstan - Uzbekistan - Pakistan - Turkey
Ramman: religious festival and ritual theatre of the Garhwal Himalayas, India (2009)
Kutiyattam, Sanskrit Theatre (2008)
Ramlila - the Traditional Performance of the Ramayana (2008)
The Tradition of Vedic Chanting (2008)
Indonesia
Representative List
Indonesian Batik (2009)
The Indonesian Kris (2008)
The Wayang Puppet Theatre (2008)
Article 18
Education and training in Indonesian Batik intangible cultural heritage for elementary, junior, senior, vocational school and polytechnic students, in collaboration with the Batik Museum in Pekalongan (2009)
Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Representative List
Novruz, Nowrouz, Nooruz, Navruz, Nauroz, Nevruz (2009)
Multinational: Azerbaijan - India - Iran (Islamic Republic of) - Kyrgyzstan - Uzbekistan - Pakistan - Turkey
The Radif of Iranian music (2009)
Iraq*
Representative List
The Iraqi Maqam (2008)
Italy
Representative List
Canto a tenore, Sardinian Pastoral Songs (2008)
Opera dei Pupi, Sicilian Puppet Theatre (2008)
Jamaica*
Representative List
The Maroon Heritage of Moore Town (2008)
Japan
Representative List
Akiu no Taue Odori (2009)
Chakkirako (2009)
Daimokutate (2009)
Dainichido Bugaku (2009)
Gagaku (2009)
Hayachine Kagura (2009)
Hitachi Furyumono (2009)
Koshikijima no Toshidon (2009)
Ojiya-chijimi, Echigo-jofu: techniques of making ramie fabric in Uonuma region, Niigata Prefecture (2009)
Oku-noto no Aenokoto (2009)
Sekishu-Banshi: papermaking in the Iwami region of Shimane Prefecture (2009)
Traditional Ainu dance (2009)
Yamahoko, the float ceremony of the Kyoto Gion festival (2009)
Kabuki Theatre (2008)
Ningyo Johruri Bunraku Puppet Theatre (2008)
Nôgaku Theatre (2008)
Jordan
Representative List
The Cultural Space of the Bedu in Petra and Wadi Rum (2008)
Kenya
Urgent Safeguarding List
Traditions and practices associated to the Kayas in the sacred forests of the Mijikenda (2009)
Kyrgyzstan
Representative List
Novruz, Nowrouz, Nooruz, Navruz, Nauroz, Nevruz (2009)
Multinational: Azerbaijan - India - Iran (Islamic Republic of) - Kyrgyzstan - Uzbekistan - Pakistan - Turkey
The Art of Akyns, Kyrgyz Epic Tellers (2008)
Latvia
Representative List
The Baltic Song and Dance Celebrations (2008)
Multinational: Estonia - Latvia - Lithuania
Urgent Safeguarding List
Suiti cultural space (2009)
Lithuania
Representative List
Cross-crafting and its Symbolism (2008)
The Baltic Song and Dance Celebrations (2008)
Multinational: Estonia - Latvia - Lithuania
Madagascar
Representative List
The Woodcrafting Knowledge of the Zafimaniry (2008)
Malawi*
Representative List
The Gule Wamkulu (2008)
Multinational: Malawi - Mozambique - Zambia
The Vimbuza Healing Dance (2008)
Malaysia*
Representative List
Mak Yong Theatre (2008)
Mali
Urgent Safeguarding List
The Sanké mon: collective fishing rite of the Sanké (2009)
Representative List
The Manden Charter, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga (2009)
The septennial re-roofing ceremony of the Kamablon, sacred house of Kangaba (2009)
The Cultural Space of the Yaaral and Degal (2008)
Mexico
Representative List
Places of memory and living traditions of the Otomí-Chichimecas people of Tolimán: the Peña de Bernal, guardian of a sacred territory (2009)
Ritual ceremony of the Voladores (2009)
The Indigenous Festivity dedicated to the Dead (2008)
Mongolia
Representative List
The Traditional Music of the Morin Khuur (2008)
Urtiin Duu - Traditional Folk Long Song (2008)
Multinational: China - Mongolia
Urgent Safeguarding List
Mongol Biyelgee: Mongolian traditional folk dance (2009)
Mongol Tuuli: Mongolian epic (2009)
Traditional music of the Tsuur (2009)
Morocco
Representative List
The Cultural Space of Jemaa el-Fna Square (2008)
The Moussem of Tan-Tan (2008)
Mozambique
Representative List
The Chopi Timbila (2008)
The Gule Wamkulu (2008)
Multinational: Malawi - Mozambique - Zambia
Nicaragua
Representative List
El Güegüense (2008)
Language, Dance and Music of the Garifuna (2008)
Multinational: Belize - Guatemala - Honduras - Nicaragua
Nigeria
Representative List
Ijele masquerade (2009)
The Ifa Divination System (2008)
The Oral Heritage of Gelede (2008)
Multinational: Benin - Nigeria - Togo
Pakistan
Representative List
Novruz, Nowrouz, Nooruz, Navruz, Nauroz, Nevruz (2009)
Multinational: Azerbaijan - India - Iran (Islamic Republic of) - Kyrgyzstan - Uzbekistan - Pakistan - Turkey
Palestine*
Representative List
The Palestinian Hikaye (2008)
Peru
Article 18
Safeguarding intangible cultural heritage of Aymara communities in Bolivia, Chile and Peru (2009)
Multinational: Bolivia (Plurinational State of) - Chile - Peru
Representative List
Taquile and its Textile Art (2008)
The Oral Heritage and Cultural Manifestations of the Zápara People (2008)
Multinational: Ecuador - Peru
Philippines
Representative List
The Darangen Epic of the Maranao People of Lake Lanao (2008)
The Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao (2008)
Republic of Korea
Representative List
Cheoyongmu (2009)
Ganggangsullae (2009)
Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut (2009)
Namsadang Nori (2009)
Yeongsanjae (2009)
The Gangneung Danoje Festival (2008)
The Pansori Epic Chant (2008)
The Royal Ancestral Ritual in the Jongmyo Shrine and its Music (2008)
Romania
Representative List
Doina (2009)
The Calus Ritual (2008)
Russian Federation*
Representative List
The Cultural Space and Oral Culture of the Semeiskie (2008)
The Olonkho, Yakut Heroic Epos (2008)
Senegal
Representative List
The Kankurang, Manding Initiatory Rite (2008)
Multinational: Gambia - Senegal
Slovakia
Representative List
The Fujara and its Music (2008)
Spain
Representative List
Irrigators’ tribunals of the Spanish Mediterranean coast: the Council of Wise Men of the plain of Murcia and the Water Tribunal of the plain of Valencia (2009)
Whistled language of the island of La Gomera (Canary Islands), the Silbo Gomero (2009)
The Mystery Play of Elche (2008)
The Patum of Berga (2008)
Article 18
Centre for traditional culture - school museum of Pusol pedagogic project (2009)
Tajikistan*
Representative List
Shashmaqom Music (2008)
Multinational: Uzbekistan - Tajikistan
Togo
Representative List
The Oral Heritage of Gelede (2008)
Multinational: Benin - Nigeria - Togo
Tonga*
Representative List
The Lakalaka, Dances and Sung Speeches of Tonga (2008)
Turkey
Representative List
Karagöz (2009)
Novruz, Nowrouz, Nooruz, Navruz, Nauroz, Nevruz (2009)
Multinational: Azerbaijan - India - Iran (Islamic Republic of) - Kyrgyzstan - Uzbekistan - Pakistan - Turkey
Âsiklik (minstrelsy) tradition (2009)
The Arts of the Meddah, Public Storytellers (2008)
The Mevlevi Sema Ceremony (2008)
Uganda
Representative List
Barkcloth Making in Uganda (2008)
Uruguay
Representative List
The Candombe and its socio-cultural space: a community practice (2009)
The Tango (2009)
Multinational: Argentina - Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Representative List
Katta Ashula (2009)
Novruz, Nowrouz, Nooruz, Navruz, Nauroz, Nevruz (2009)
Multinational: Azerbaijan - India - Iran (Islamic Republic of) - Kyrgyzstan - Uzbekistan - Pakistan - Turkey
Shashmaqom Music (2008)
Multinational: Uzbekistan - Tajikistan
The Cultural Space of the Boysun District (2008)
Vanuatu*
Representative List
Vanuatu Sand Drawings (2008)
Viet Nam
Urgent Safeguarding List
Ca trù singing (2009)
Representative List
Quan H? B?c Ninh folk songs (2009)
Nha Nhac, Vietnamese Court Music (2008)
The Space of Gong Culture (2008)
Yemen
Representative List
The Song of Sana’a (2008)
Zambia
Representative List
The Gule Wamkulu (2008)
Multinational: Malawi - Mozambique - Zambia
The Makishi Masquerade (2008)
Zimbabwe
Representative List
The Mbende Jerusarema Dance (2008)

*Countries not having ratified the 2003 Convention

Last update: 2009-10-01 16:58:45

(E?)(L?) http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immaterielles_Kulturerbe

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lexas - Weltkulturerbe

(E6)(L?) http://www.lexas.net/welterbe/
06.05.2008

Das Welterbekomitee hat im Juli 2007 22 neue Welterbestätten ernannt und 1 Stätte gestrichen. Neuaufnahmen und die Streichung

Länderwahl Afghanistan Ägypten Albanien Algerien Andorra Argentinien Armenien Aserbaidschan Äthiopien Australien Bahrain Bangladesch Belarus Belgien Belize Benin Bolivien Bosnien und Herzegowina Botsuana Brasilien Bulgarien Chile China Costa Rica Côte d´Ivoire Dänemark Deutschland Dominica Dominikanische Republik Ecuador El Salvador Estland Finnland Frankreich Gabun Gambia Georgien Ghana Griechenland Großbritannien Guatemala Guinea Haiti Honduras Indien Indonesien Irak Iran Irland Island Israel Italien Japan Jemen Jordanien Kambodscha Kamerun Kanada Kasachstan Kenia Kolumbien Kongo, Demokratische Republik Korea, Demokratische Volksrepublik Korea, Republik Kroatien Kuba Laos Lettland Libanon Litauen Luxemburg Macao Madagaskar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Marokko Mauretanien Mauritius Mazedonien Mexiko Moldau Mongolei Montenegro Mosambik Namibia Nepal Neuseeland Nicaragua Niederlande Niger Nigeria Norwegen Oman Österreich Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippinen Polen Portugal Rumänien Russische Föderation Russische Republik Salomonen Sambia Schweden Schweiz Senegal Serbien Seychellen Simbabwe Slowakei Slowenien Spanien Sri Lanka St. Kitts und Nevis St. Lucia Südafrika Sudan Suriname Syrien Tansania Thailand Togo Tschechische Republik Tunesien Türkei Turkmenistan Uganda Ukraine Ungarn Uruguay Usbekistan Vatikanstadt Venezuela Vereinigte Staaten Vietnam Zentralafrikanische Republik Zypern

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mibazaar
The New 7 Wonders of the World

(E?)(L?) http://www.mibazaar.com/new7wonders/

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nationalgeographic
World Heritage Images and links and resources

(E?)(L?) http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0210/feature3/index.html

...
In November 1972 the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) inaugurated the list by adopting a treaty known as the World Heritage Convention. Its continuing goal is to recruit the world community in identifying cultural and natural properties of “outstanding universal value.”
...

nativeplanet
Native Planet

(E6)(L?) http://www.nativeplanet.org/

Native Planet is a non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to the self-empowerment of indigenous peoples and the preservation of world ethnic cultures. Traditional groups are not only global role models for successful conservation and sustainable consumption of natural resources; they are also the guardians of our planet's remaining wilderness and biological diversity.

Helping these groups speak for themselves to a global audience is crucial to their protection and Native Planet's documentation of indigenous lifestyles gives traditional people a voice the world can hear. The accounts and photographs of our experiences will introduce you to world cultures struggling to retain their ancient ways in the face of economic modernization and globalization.

new7wonders - New 7 Wonders

(E?)(L1) http://www.new7wonders.com/
Die neuen sieben Weltwunder
"Vor 2200 Jahren hat ein Mann die sieben antiken Weltwunder bestimmt. Jetzt konnen die Menschen rund um den Globus ihre sieben neuen Weltwunder selbst bestimmen uber Internet."
Da wir nun an der Schwelle zum dritten Jahrtausend stehen, wird es für uns Weltbürger Zeit, die neuen 7 Symbole der bedeutendsten menschlichen Leistungen der letzten 2000 Jahre zu bestimmen.

(E?)(L?) http://www.new7wonders.com/classic/en/about_us/

About New7Wonders

The New7Wonders Foundation, which is behind the New7Wonders campaigns, has the express aim of undertaking documentation and conservation works of monuments worldwide under the motto:

"OUR HERITAGE IS OUR FUTURE"
New7Wonders calls on all citizens of the world to support it
Through film, television, the Internet and books, people shall be sensitized to the beauty of the world’s heritage, both man-made and natural, and be alerted of its destruction and decay.

New7Wonders Introduction Video
Watch the New7Wonders Introduction Video here, and in less than 3 minutes you will learn about our story to date.

Project history
Find out more about the New7Wonders project, from its start in 1999 to the present day. Read about the project milestones and the famous Bamiyan Buddha Project.

The Founder
Bernard Weber, a Swiss-born Canadian and founder of New7Wonders, has had a varied career as a filmmaker, museum curator, aviator, and explorer. Read his biography.

Business opportunities
If you would like to be associated with the New7Wonders campaigns in a commercial capacity, as a sponsor, event, media or other licensee, then please review this section and use the contact form to communicate with us.

The Seven Ancient Wonders
The commonly known Seven Ancient Wonders of the World were all man-made monuments, selected by Philon of Byzantium in 200 B.C. Today, only the Pyramids of Giza in Egypt remain.

United Nations Partnership
The United Nations Office for Partnerships and the NewOpenWorld Foundation share common goals and vision aiming to engage civil society in finding creative solutions to the UN's Millennium Development Goals.

(E?)(L?) http://www.new7wonders.com/classic/en/about_us/ancient_wonders/

The Seven Ancient Wonders

The commonly known Seven Ancient Wonders of the World were all man-made monuments, selected by Philon of Byzantium in 200 B.C. Today, only the Pyramids of Giza in Egypt remain.

His selection of wonders was essentially a travel guide for fellow Athenians, and the stunning sites were all located around the Mediterranean basin, the then-known world.

Now, just as Pierre de Coubertin revived the Olympic Games in 1896 with his modern version of the competition, New7Wonders founder Bernard Weber has revived the concept of the 7 Wonders of the World with these ambitious global campaigns, the Official New 7 Wonders of the World and the New7Wonders of Nature.

The key difference is that, this time around, they were not chosen by one man, but rather by millions of people all over the world.

The new wonders that have been selected are the people’s choices, and they have been drawn from the earliest time that humankind walked upon the earth up through the year 2000. The natural wonders that will be chosen in the current campaign will then bring our natural heritage onto the same level of appreciation as that which has been made by humans.

The monuments Philon of Byzantium chose, to be remembered in perpetuity, were:

The Lighthouse of Alexandria
The Temple of Artemis
The Statue of Zeus
The Colossus of Rhodes
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
The Pyramids of Egypt

(E?)(L?) http://www.new7wonders.com/classic/en/n7w/results/

The New7Wonders organization is happy to announce that the following 7 candidates have been elected by more than 100 million votes to represent global heritage throughout history. The listing is in random order, as announced at the Declaration Ceremony on 07.07.07. All The Official New 7 Wonders are equal and are presented as a group without any ranking.

The Finalists for the New7Wonders
The following sites always will remain Official New 7 Wondersof the World Finalists, which were nominated from hundreds of sites around the world

The results include worldwide online, SMS and telephone voting.

The Pyramid at Chichén Itzá (before 800 A.D.) Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico MEXICO/ MEXICO
Christ Redeemer (1931) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil BRAZIL/ BRAZIL
The Roman Colosseum (70 - 82 A.D.) Rome, Italy ITALY/ ITALY
The Great Wall of China (220 B.C and 1368 - 1644 A.D.) China CHINA/ CHINA
Petra (9 B.C. - 40 A.D.), Jordan JORDAN/ JORDAN
The Taj Mahal (1630 A.D.) Agra, India INDIA/ INDIA

(E?)(L?) http://www.new7wonders.com/nature/en/
23.11.2008:

(E?)(L?) http://www.new7wonders.com/nature/en/nominees/africa/

New7Wonders of Nature Nominees: Africa

The Arches of Akakus LIBYA
Erg Chebbi, Dunes MOROCCO
Kalahari, Desert BOTSWANA/ NAMIBIA/ SOUTH AFRICA
Le Cirque de Mafate, Volcanic Caldera RÉUNION
The Macina MALI
Ngorongoro Crater TANZANIA
The Richat Structure MAURITANIA
Siwa Oasis (Sahara) EGYPT
Sossusvlei NAMIBIA
Vredefort Crater SOUTH AFRICA
Aldabra Atoll SEYCHELLES
The Bazaruto Archipelago MOZAMBIQUE
Bissagos Islands GUINEA-BISSAU
The Barn SAINT HELENA
Marrah Mountains SUDAN
Mount Fogo CAPE VERDE
Mount Karthala COMOROS
Mount Kenya KENYA
Mount Nyangani ZIMBABWE
Mount Nimba, Mountain CÔTE D'IVOIRE
Mount Sinai EGYPT
Pico Basilé EQUATORIAL GUINEA
Rwenzori Mountains UGANDA
Table Mountain SOUTH AFRICA
Black Rocks at Pungo Andongo ANGOLA
La Digue, Rock SEYCHELLES
Pinnacles of Sindou BURKINA FASO
Tassili n'Ajjer (Sahara) ALGERIA
Zuma Rock NIGERIA
Mount Kilimanjaro TANZANIA
Peak of the Furnace RÉUNION
Great Rift Valley ETHIOPIA/ KENYA/ MALAWI/ TANZANIA
Aïr and Ténéré Natural Reserves NIGER
Dja Faunal Reserve, National Park CAMEROON
Djoudj, Sanctuary SENEGAL
El Kala National Park, National Park ALGERIA
Kafue National Park ZAMBIA
Kruger National Park SOUTH AFRICA
Loango National Park GABON
Malolotja Nature Reserve SWAZILAND
Manovo-Gounda Saint Floris National Parks CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
National Park of Upper Niger GUINEA
Obo Natural Park SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE
Odzala National Park CONGO
Okawango Delta, National Park BOTSWANA
Pendjari National Park BENIN
River Gambia National Park GAMBIA
Rurubu National Park BURUNDI
Sapo National Park LIBERIA
Serengeti, National Park TANZANIA
Somali Montane Xeric Woodland SOMALIA
Tsingy de Bemaraha, Nature Conservancy Park MADAGASCAR
Virunga National Park RWANDA
Bwindi Rain Forest UGANDA
Congo Basin Forest CAMEROON/ CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC/ CONGO/ CONGO (DRC)/ EQUATORIAL GUINEA/ GABON
Gola Forest SIERRA LEONE
Tai National Park CÔTE D'IVOIRE
Boyoma Falls, Waterfall CONGO (DRC)
Maletsunyane Falls LESOTHO
Ouzoud Falls MOROCCO
Victoria Falls ZAMBIA/ ZIMBABWE
The Blue Nile ETHIOPIA/ SUDAN
The White Nile EGYPT/ SUDAN/ UGANDA
Chott el Djerid, Salt Lake TUNISIA
Ganga Talao MAURITIUS
Ichkeul, Lake TUNISIA
Lake Asal DJIBOUTI
Lake Bosumtwi GHANA
Lake Chad, Lake CHAD
Lake Kivu CONGO (DRC)/ RWANDA
Lake Malawi MALAWI
Lake Retba SENEGAL
Lake Tana ETHIOPIA
Lake Togo TOGO
Lake Victoria KENYA/ TANZANIA/ UGANDA
Lake Tanganyika BURUNDI/ CONGO (DRC)/ TANZANIA/ ZAMBIA
Cape of Good Hope SOUTH AFRICA
Red Sea Reef DJIBOUTI/ EGYPT/ ERITREA/ ISRAEL/ JORDAN/ SAUDI ARABIA/ SUDAN/ YEMEN

(E?)(L?) http://www.new7wonders.com/nature/en/nominees/northamerica/

New7Wonders of Nature Nominees: North and Central America

Long Point Sand Spit CANADA
Archipiélago de Bocas del Toro PANAMA
Buck Island Reef National Monument VIRGIN ISLANDS, U.S.
Cocos Island COSTA RICA
Ometepe Island NICARAGUA
Tobago Cays SAINT VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES
Kanuku Mountains FRENCH GUIANA
Mount McKinley UNITED STATES
Pikes Peak, Mountain Peak UNITED STATES
Twin Pitons, Mountain Peak SAINT LUCIA
Rocher Perce, Rock formation CANADA
Crystal Caves BERMUDA
Arenal Volcano COSTA RICA
Bald Mountain MARTINIQUE
Kilauea, Volcano UNITED STATES
Mauna Kea (Hawaii), Volcano UNITED STATES
Mount Scenery NETHERLANDS ANTILLES
Popocatepetl, Volcano MEXICO
Soufriere Hills MONTSERRAT
Copper Canyon MEXICO
Grand Canyon UNITED STATES
Sumidero Canyon MEXICO
Vinales Valley CUBA
Bryce Canyon, National Park UNITED STATES
The Central Suriname Nature Reserve SURINAME
Dinosaur Provincial Park CANADA
El Yunque Nature Conservancy Park PUERTO RICO
Everglades, National Park UNITED STATES
Graeme Hall Nature Sanctuary BARBADOS
Grand Etang Forest Reserve GRENADA
Gros Morne National Park CANADA
Mammoth Cave National Park UNITED STATES
Sage Mountain National Park VIRGIN ISLANDS, BRITISH
Yosemite National Park UNITED STATES
Zion National Park UNITED STATES
Platano, Forest HONDURAS
Redwood, Forest UNITED STATES
Azul, Waterfall MEXICO
Carbet Falls GUADELOUPE
Dunn's River Falls JAMAICA
Havasupai, Waterfall UNITED STATES
Niagara Falls CANADA/ UNITED STATES
Mississippi, River UNITED STATES
Boiling Lake DOMINICA
Coatepeque Lake, Crater Lake EL SALVADOR
Crater Lake UNITED STATES
Great Salt Pond SAINT KITTS AND NEVIS
La Brea Pitch Lake TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
Lake Azuei HAITI
Lake Enriquillo DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Lake Superior CANADA/ UNITED STATES
Bay of Fundy CANADA
Big Sur, Beach UNITED STATES
Cades Reef ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA
Conchi ARUBA
Dean's Blue Hole BAHAMAS
Great Blue Hole, Underwater Sinkhole BELIZE
Ilulissat Icefjord GREENLAND
Pink Sand Beach (Harbour Island) BAHAMAS
Seven Mile Beach CAYMAN ISLANDS
Shoal Bay-Island Harbour Marine Area ANGUILLA
Turks Islands Passage TURKS AND CAICOS ISLANDS

(E?)(L?) http://www.new7wonders.com/nature/en/nominees/southamerica/

New7Wonders of Nature Nominees: South America

Atacama Desert CHILE
Huacachina, Oasis PERU
Salar de Uyuni, Salt Flat BOLIVIA
Ballestas Islands, Archipelago PERU
Fernando de Noronha, Archipelago BRAZIL
Los Roques, Archipelago VENEZUELA
Malpelo, Island COLOMBIA
Tierra del Fuego, Archipelago ARGENTINA/ CHILE
Alpamayo, Mountain Peak PERU
Auyantepui, Mountain VENEZUELA
Fitz Roy, Mountain peak ARGENTINA/ CHILE
Mount Roraima BRAZIL/ GUYANA/ VENEZUELA
Nevado Huaguruncho, Mountain Peak PERU
Paine Towers, Mountain CHILE
Pico Bolivar, Mountain Peak VENEZUELA
Pico Cristóbal Colón (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta), Mountain Peak COLOMBIA
Sarisarinama, Mountain VENEZUELA
Sugar Loaf, Mountain BRAZIL
The Koi and Chorori Hills PARAGUAY
Rock Forest of Huayllay PERU
Cueva del Guacharo, Cave VENEZUELA
Milodon, Cave CHILE
Antuco, Volcano CHILE
Cotopaxi Volcano ECUADOR
El Tatio, Volcano CHILE
Osorno, Volcano CHILE
Chicamocha Canyon COLOMBIA
Colca Canyon PERU
Cotahuasi Canyon PERU
Gran Sabana, Valley VENEZUELA
Canaima National Park VENEZUELA
Chapada Diamantina National Park BRAZIL
Huascaran, National Park PERU
Ischigualasto Provincial Park ARGENTINA
Lencois Maranhenses, National Park BRAZIL
Lomas de Lachay, National Park PERU
Madidi, National Park BOLIVIA
Manglares de Tumbes, National Park PERU
Manu National Park PERU
Noel Kempff Mercado National Park BOLIVIA
Pacaya Samiria, National Park PERU
Pantanal, National Park BOLIVIA/ BRAZIL/ PARAGUAY
Rapa Nui, National Park CHILE
Rio Abiseo National Park PERU
Torotoro National Park BOLIVIA
Ulla Ulla National Reserve BOLIVIA
Amazon, River/Forest BOLIVIA/ BRAZIL/ COLOMBIA/ ECUADOR/ FRENCH GUIANA/ GUYANA/ PERU/ SURINAME/ VENEZUELA
Ombú Forest URUGUAY
Perito Moreno, Glacier ARGENTINA
Angel Falls VENEZUELA
Gocta Waterfall PERU
Iguazu Falls ARGENTINA/ BRAZIL
Kaieteur Falls GUYANA
Apurimac, River PERU
Caño Cristales, River COLOMBIA
Laguna Colorada BOLIVIA
Lake Titicaca BOLIVIA/ PERU
Nahuel Huapi, Lake ARGENTINA
King Haakon Bay SOUTH GEORGIA AND THE SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS
Llanganuco, Lagoon PERU
Paracas, Beach PERU
San Rafael Lagoon CHILE

(E?)(L?) http://www.new7wonders.com/nature/en/nominees/asia/

New7Wonders of Nature Nominees: Asia

Chocolate Hills PHILIPPINES
Ein Gedi, Oasis ISRAEL
Mesopotamian Marshes, Wetlands IRAQ
One Hundred Trees Oasis CHINA
Singing Dunes KAZAKHSTAN
Western Ghats INDIA
Bu Tinah Shoals UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Coloane Island MACAO
Failaka Island KUWAIT
Jeju Island KOREA (SOUTH)
Kamchatka Peninsula RUSSIA
Maldives, Archipelago MALDIVES
Mergui Archipelago MYANMAR
Sipadan Island MALAYSIA
Socotra, Archipelago YEMEN
Yakushima, Island JAPAN
Baekdu Mountain CHINA/ KOREA (NORTH)
Fansipan, Mountain VIET NAM
Guilin Mountains CHINA
Huangshan Mountain CHINA
Jebel Hafit UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Gangkhar Puensum BHUTAN
K2, Mountain CHINA/ PAKISTAN
Lenin Peak KYRGYZSTAN/ TAJIKISTAN
Mount Ararat TURKEY
Mount Bromo INDONESIA
Mount Damavand IRAN
Mount Everest CHINA/ NEPAL
Mount Fuji JAPAN
Mount Kinabalu MALAYSIA
Mount Kumgang KOREA (NORTH)
Nanga Parbat PAKISTAN
Noshaq AFGHANISTAN
Seoraksan Mountain KOREA (SOUTH)
Yu Shan CHINESE TAIPEI
Amah Rock HONG KONG
Bayanzag Cliffs (Gobi Desert) MONGOLIA
Flaming Cliffs, Rock Formation MONGOLIA
Pamukkale, Springs TURKEY
Rosh Hanikra, Rock Formation ISRAEL
South China Karst CHINA
Wulingyuan, Rock Formation CHINA
Jeita Grotto LEBANON
Kugitang Caves TURKMENISTAN
Mulu Caves MALAYSIA
Krakatau, Volcanic Islands INDONESIA
Mayon Volcano PHILIPPINES
Mount Pinatubo PHILIPPINES
Mud Volcanoes AZERBAIJAN
Taal Volcano PHILIPPINES
Cedars of Lebanon, Nature Conservancy Parks LEBANON
Chitwan, National Park NEPAL
Hundred Islands National Park PHILIPPINES
Jiuzhaigou National Park, Mountain Reserve CHINA
Kaziranga, National Park INDIA
Komodo National Park INDONESIA
Nam Ha National Park LAO
Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park PHILIPPINES
Phong Nha - Ke Bang, National Park VIET NAM
Valley of Flowers, Nature Conservancy Park INDIA
Zaamin National Park UZBEKISTAN
Sinharaja Rainforest SRI LANKA
Tree of Life BAHRAIN
Virgin Komi Forests RUSSIA
Ganges, River BANGLADESH/ INDIA
Mekong River CAMBODIA/ CHINA/ LAO/ MYANMAR/ THAILAND/ VIET NAM
Yangtze River CHINA
Baikal, Lake RUSSIA
Dead Sea, Lake ISRAEL/ JORDAN/ PALESTINE
Issyk Kul Lake KYRGYZSTAN
Kara-Kul TAJIKISTAN
Khawr al Udayd QATAR
Lake al-Jabbul SYRIA
Lake Sentani INDONESIA
Lake Sevan ARMENIA
Lake Toba INDONESIA
Lonar Crater and Lake INDIA
Pangong Lake CHINA/ INDIA
Tasek Merimbun BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
Tilicho Lake NEPAL
Uvs Nuur, Lake RUSSIA
Yak Loum Lake CAMBODIA
Blue Hole GUAM
Cox's Bazar, Beach BANGLADESH
Ha Long Bay VIET NAM
Mariana Trench, Submarine Trench UNITED STATES
Musandam Peninsula OMAN
Tubbataha Reef PHILIPPINES

(E?)(L?) http://www.new7wonders.com/nature/en/nominees/europe/

New7Wonders of Nature Nominees: Europe

Bledowska Desert POLAND
Brecon Beacons UNITED KINGDOM
The Burren IRELAND
Camargue, Marsh FRANCE
Danube Delta ROMANIA
Dune of Pilat FRANCE
Masurian Lake District POLAND
Oesling LUXEMBOURG
Berlenga Islands PORTUGAL
Calf Of Man ISLE OF MAN
Santorini, Archipelago GREECE
Savage Islands, Archipelago PORTUGAL
Grossglockner, Mountain peak AUSTRIA
Hoverla UKRAINE
Marmolada, Mountain Peak ITALY
Monte Titano SAN MARINO
Mount Kazbek GEORGIA
Mont Blanc (Alps), Mountain Peak FRANCE/ ITALY
Mount Olympus GREECE
Monte San Giorgio, Mountain peak SWITZERLAND
Picos de Europa SPAIN
Vlašic BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Azure Window, Rock formation MALTA
Belogradchik Rocks BULGARIA
Davolja Varos, Rock Formation SERBIA
Giant's Causeway, Rock Formation in Northern Ireland UNITED KINGDOM
Meteora Rocks GREECE
Pravcice Gate, Rock Formation CZECH REPUBLIC
Rock Of Aphrodite CYPRUS
Rock of Gibraltar GIBRALTAR
Vestmanna Birdcliffs, Rock formation FAROE ISLANDS
Blue Grotto, Cave ITALY
Caves of Han-sur-Lesse BELGIUM
Dobsinska Ice Cave SLOVAKIA
Eisriesenwelt, Cave AUSTRIA
The Observatory Cave MONACO
Scarisoara Cave ROMANIA
Skocjan Caves SLOVENIA
Vrelo Cave MACEDONIA (FYROM)
Mount Etna, Volcano ITALY
Puy-de-Dôme FRANCE
Surtsey Island ICELAND
Teide, Volcano SPAIN
Vesuvius, Volcano ITALY
Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley ANDORRA
Rhine Gorge GERMANY
Tara River Canyon MONTENEGRO
Askania-Nova UKRAINE
Aukštaitija National Park LITHUANIA
Berchtesgaden National Park GERMANY
Dwingelderveld National Park NETHERLANDS
Gauja National Park LATVIA
Hoge Veluwe National Park NETHERLANDS
La Claire Mare Nature Reserve GUERNSEY
Peneda-Gerês National Park PORTUGAL
Podilski Tovtry National Nature Park UKRAINE
Retezat National Park ROMANIA
Sarek National Park SWEDEN
Sierra Nevada, National Park SPAIN
Slovak Paradise National Park SLOVAKIA
Thy National Park DENMARK
Bialowieza Forest BELARUS/ POLAND
Black Forest, Forest GERMANY
Codri MOLDOVA
Petrified Forest of Lesvos GREECE
Soignes Forest BELGIUM
Aletsch Glacier SWITZERLAND
Vatnajokull Glacier ICELAND
Jaegala Fall (Laheema National Park) ESTONIA
Danube River AUSTRIA/ BULGARIA/ CROATIA/ GERMANY/ HUNGARY/ MOLDOVA/ ROMANIA/ SERBIA/ SLOVAKIA/ UKRAINE
Dnieper River BELARUS/ RUSSIA/ UKRAINE
Douro, River/Valley PORTUGAL
Drin River ALBANIA
Lake Balaton HUNGARY
Lake Bled SLOVENIA
Lake Narach BELARUS
Lake Neusiedl AUSTRIA
Lake Ohrid ALBANIA/ MACEDONIA (FYROM)
Lake Saimaa FINLAND
Loch Ness, Lake in Scotland UNITED KINGDOM
Pelister’s Eyes, Lakes MACEDONIA (FYROM)
Plitvice Lakes CROATIA
Srebarna, Lake BULGARIA
Strbske Pleso, Lake SLOVAKIA
Cliffs at Etretat FRANCE
Cliffs of Moher IRELAND
Curonian Spit LITHUANIA/ RUSSIA
Geirangerfjord NORWAY
Hardangerfjord, Fjord NORWAY
Ria de Aveiro, Lagoon PORTUGAL
The White Cliffs of Dover in England UNITED KINGDOM
Wadden Sea DENMARK/ GERMANY/ NETHERLANDS

O

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Q

R

raetsel-der-menschheit
Rätsel der Menschheit

(E?)(L2) http://www.raetsel-der-menschheit.de/
Die sieben Weltwunder - vergessene Weltwunder - Mystische Stätten

(E?)(L?) http://www.raetsel-der-menschheit.de/all/sitemap.htm

Die Sieben Weltwunder der Antike: Die Pyramiden von Gizeh | Die Hängenden Gärten der Semiramis | Das Bildnis des Zeus in Olympia | Der Artemistempel in Ephesos | Das Mausoleum von Halikarnassos | Der Koloß von Rhodos | Der Leuchtturm von Alexandria
Vergessene Weltwunder: Akropolis | Angkor Wat | Borobudur | Chinesische Mauer | Meteora-Klöster | Mont Saint-Michel | Stonehenge | Taj Mahal, Indien
Mystische Stätten der Erde: Ararat | Ayers Rock | Bomarzo | Callanish | Carnac | Filitosa | Gizeh | Kappadokien | Mesa Verde | Nan Madol | Nazca | Osterinsel | Petra | Ring Of Brogar | Serpent Mound | Superstition Mountains | Tula
Service: Banner | Download | Glossar | Links | Literatur-/Quellenverzeichnis

(E?)(L?) http://www.raetsel-der-menschheit.de/download/index.htm

Die Sieben Weltwunder der Antike ( 95k)
Vergessene Weltwunder ( 125k)
Mystische Stätten der Erde ( 125k)

Verschiedenes

Zeittafel Babylons ( 45k) aus "Götter, Gräber und Gelehrte" von C. W. Ceram
Gilgamesch-Epos ( 241k)

(E?)(L?) http://www.raetsel-der-menschheit.de/glossar/index.htm

A: Aborigines | Akropolis | Anasazi | Arabeske | Ares | Artemis | Athanasios | Athene | Atlant
B: Bavaria | Beidha | Burckhardt, Johann Ludwig
C: Cella | Cicero | Cook, James
D: Dolmen
E: | Erechtheion | Erechtheus | Erzengel
F: frühe Christen
G: Gilgamesch-Epos
H: Helios | Hephaistos | Herodot | Hethiter | Hopewell-Kultur | Hopi
I: Iktinos
K: Karyatide | Kekrops | Kreuzgang |
L: Lysander
M: Megalithbauten | Meng-Tian | Menhir | Metope | Mogul | Monolith | Mouhot, Alexander Henri
N: Nabatäer | Navajo | Nebukadnezar II. | Nike
O: Orsini
P: Perikles | Peristyl | Phidias | Philon von Byzanz | Pizarro, Francisco | Poseidon | Propyläen | Pueblo-Indianer | Pythagoras
Q: Qin Shi Huangdi | Quadriga | Quetzalcoatl
S: Saladin | Strabo | Stupa
T: Tolteken
V: Vilcabamba | Vishnu | von Tours, Gregor | Vitruv
W: Wendekreis des Krebses
Z: Zenotaph | Zeus

S

schaetze-der-welt
Schätze der Welt

Abomey: Königspaläste von Abomey
Abu Mena: Frühchristliche Ruinen von Abu Mena
Abu Simbel: Die nubischen Denkmäler von Abu Simbel bis Philae
Accra: Festungen und Schlösser der Kolonialzeit an der Voltamündung, in Accra, der Zentral- und der Westregion
Aflaj-Bewässrungssystem
Agra. Rotes Fort
Air: Naturparks Air und Ténéré
Akko: Hafenstadt Akko
Akropolis: Akropolis Athen
Aksum: Ruinen von Aksum
Alberobello: "Trulli" (Rundbauten) von Alberobello
Aleppo: Altstadt von Aleppo
Aletsch: Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn
Alhambra: Alhambra und Generalife-Palast, erweitert um die Altstadt
Amalfi-Küste: Costiera Amalfitana
Ambohimanga: Der Königshügel von Ambohimanga
Angkor: Ruinen von Angkor
Angra do Heroismo: Stadtzentrum von Angra do Heroismo auf der Azoren-Insel Terceira
Anthony-Insel
Antigua Guatemala
Arles: Römische und romanische Denkmäler von Arles
Ashanti: Traditionelle Bauwerke der Ashanti
Augustusburg: Schlösser Augustusburg und Falkenlust in Brühl
Avignon: Papstpalast mit umliegendem historischen Ensemble in Avignon
Avila: Altstadt von Avila und Kirchen außerhalb der Stadtmauer
Ayutthaya: Ruinen von Ayutthaya
Baalbek: Ruinen von Baalbek
Baku: Ummauerter Teil von Baku
Bamberg: Altstadt Bamberg
Bandiagara: Felsen von Bandiagara
Bath: Stadt Bath
Bauhaus: Bauhausstätten in Weimar und Dessau
Beginenhöfe: Flämische Beginenhöfe
Bellinzona: Drei Burgen von Bellinzona
Bern: Altstadt von Bern
Bialowieza: Nationalpark Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Bialowieza)
Biertan: Birthälm (Biertan) und seine Wehrkirche
Blaenavon: Industrielandschaft Blaenavon
Blenheim: Schloss Blenheim
Bojana: Kirche von Bojana (Sofia)
Borobudur: Buddhistische Tempelanlagen von Borobudur
Bosra: Altstadt von Bosra
Brasilia
Bremen: Rathaus und Roland in Bremen
Breslau: Jahrhunderthalle in Breslau
Bryggen: Hafenstadtteil Bryggen in Bergen
Buchara: Historisches Zentrum von Buchara
Budapest: Burgviertel Buda und Uferzone der Donau in Budapest
Butrint: Ruinenstadt Butrint
Byblos: Ruinen von Byblos
Córdoba: Moschee-Kathedrale von Córdoba, erweitert um die Altstadt von Córdoba
Canal du Midi
Carcassonne
Cartagena: Hafen, Befestigungen und Baudenkmäler der Kolonialzeit in Cartagena
Casa Luis Barragán: Luis Barragán Haus und Studio
Castel del Monte
Chartres: Kathedrale von Chartres
Chichen-Itza: Ruinen von Chichen-Itza
Chongmyo Schrein in Seoul
Cilento: Nationalpark Cilento Val di Diano mit Paestum, Velia und der Kartause von Padua
Cinque Terre: Portovenere, Cinque Terre und die Inseln Palmaria, Tino und Tinetto
Colonia del Sacramento: Historisches Viertel von Colonia del Sacramento
Copán: Maya-Ruinen von Copán
Damaskus: Altstadt von Damaskus
Delos: Insel Delos
Delphi: Ruinenstätte Delphi (Apollonheiligtum)
Dessau-Wörlitz: Gartenreich Dessau-Wörlitz
Dhofar: Die Weihrauchbäume des Wadi Dawkah, die Karawanenoase Shisr und die Häfen von Khor Rori und al-Balid
Die Wies: Wallfahrtskirche "Die Wies"
Djenné, islamische Stadt und vorislamische Städte
Djoudj: Vogelschutzgebiet Djoudj
Dresden: Elbtal in Dresden
Drottningholm: Königliches Sommerschloß Drottningholm
Dschebel Barkal
Dubrovnik: Altstadt von Dubrovnik, erweitert um einen Streifen der Stadt außerhalb der Mauern und eine nahegelegene Insel
Durham: Burg und Kathedrale von Durham
Edinburgh
Eisleben und Wittenberg: Luthergedenkstätten in Eisleben und Wittenberg
El Djem: Amphitheater von El Djem
Epidauros: Antike Stadt Epidauros
Everglades: Nationalpark Everglades
Fürst Pückler Park: Muskauer Park/Park Muzakowski
Fasil Ghebbi in der Region Gondar
Fatehpur Sikri: Moghulstadt Fatehpur Sikri
Ferrarra: Stadt der Renaissance
Fes: Altstadt von Fes
Florenz: Historisches Zentrum von Florenz
Fontainebleau: Schloß und Park von Fontainebleau
Fontenay: Ehemalige Zisterzienserabtei Fontenay
Freiheitsstatue
Göreme: Nationalpark Göreme und die Felsendenkmäler Kappadokiens
Ghadames: Altstadt von Ghadames
Goa: Kirchen und Klöster von Goa
Gorée: Insel Gorée
Goslar: Bergwerk Rammelsberg und Altstadt von Goslar
Grand Canyon: Nationalpark Grand Canyon
Graz: Altstadt von Graz
Grimeton: Radiostation Grimeton bei Varberg
Große Mauer
Große Platz: Der Große Platz (Grote Markt/Grand Place) in Brüssel
Grube Messel: Fossilienlagerstätte Grube Messel
Gwynedd: Burgen und befestigte Städte König Edwards I. in der Grafschaft Gwynedd
Haeinsa: Tempel von Haeinsa Changgyong P'ango (Aufbewahrungsort der Tafeln der Tripitaka Koreana)
Haghpat: Kloster Haghpat und Sanahin
Hallstatt-Dachstein: Kulturlandschaft Hallstatt-Dachstein Salzkammergut
Halong: Bucht von Halong
Havanna: Altstadt und Festungsanlagen von Havanna
Hawaii: Nationalpark Vulkane von Hawaii
Head-Smashed-In Jump: Abgrund der zu Tode gestürzten Bisons
Hildesheim: Dom und Michaeliskirche von Hildesheim
Himalaja-Bergbahn: Bergeisenbahnen Indiens
Hiroshima: Friedensdenkmal in Hiroshima
Hodscha Ahmed Yasawi: Mausoleum des Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
Hoi An: Die historische Altstadt von Hoi An
Horezu: Kloster Horezu
Horta-Häuser: 4 Jugendstilbauten des Architekten Victor Horta in Brüssel
Hue: Kaiserstadt Hue
Ibiza: Biologische Vielfalt und Kultur
Iguazu: Wasserfälle des Iguazu
Ile Saint-Louis: Insel Saint Louis
Ironbridge: Industriedenkmäler im Tal von Ironbridge
Isfahan: Meidan-e Schah (Königsplatz) von Isfahan
Itsukushima-Schrein
Jerusalem: Altstadt und Stadtmauern von Jerusalem
Jesuitensiedlung: Jesuitensiedlung + Estancias von Córdoba
Kölner Dom: Dom zu Köln
Kairo: Das islamische Kairo
Kakadu: Nationalpark Kakadu
Kandy: Heilige Stadt Kandy
Katharinenkloster
Kathmandu: Tal von Kathmandu
Khajuraho: Tempelbezirk von Khajuraho
Kilimandjaro: Nationalpark Kilimandjaro
Kinderdijk-Elshout: Mühlenanlagen in Kinderdijk-Elshout
Kishi Pogost: Kirchen von Kishi Pogost (Insel Kishi im Onegasee)
Koguryo: Koguryo Grabstätten
Kotor: Bucht und Region von Kotor
Krakau: Altstadt von Krakau
Kreml: Kreml und Roter Platz in Moskau
Krumau: Historisches Zentrum von Böhmisch Krumau
Kyoto: Baudenkmäler und Gärten von Kyoto, Uji und Osu
Lübeck: Hansestadt Lübeck
Lahore: Festung und Shalimar-Gärten in Lahore
Lalibela: Die Felsenkirchen von Lalibela
Lamu: Die Altstadt von Lamu
Las Médulas: Las Médulas und seine Goldminen
Lednice: Kulturlandschaft von Lednice und Valtice
Leptis Magna: Ruinen von Leptis Magna
Limes
Lissabon: Hieronymitenkloster und Turm von Belém
Liverpool: Hafenanlagen von Liverpool
Loiretal zwischen Maine und Sully-sur-Loire
Lorsch: ehem. Benediktiner-Abtei Lorsch mit ehem. Kloster Altenmünster
Los Glaciares: Nationalpark Los Glaciares
Luang Prabang Königspalast und buddhistischen Klöstern
Lunenburg: Altstadt von Lunenburg
Luxemburg: Altstadtquartiere und Befestigungen von Luxemburg
Lyon: Historische Stätten in Lyon
Macau: Historisches Zentrum von Macao
Mahabalipuram: Tempelbezirk von Mahabalipuram
Marienburg, Malbork: Burg Malbork (Marienburg)
Maritime Greenwich: Gebäude und königlicher Park von Greenwich
Marrakesch: Altstadt von Marrakesch
Masada
Maulbronn: Kloster Maulbronn
Megalith-Tempel: Tempel von Gigantija
Memphis und seine Totenstadt mit den Pyramiden von Giseh, Abusir, Sakkara und Dahschur
Merida: Bauten der Römerzeit und des frühen Mittelalters in Merida
Merw: Ruinen der alten Stadt Merw
Mesa Verde: Nationalpark Mesa Verde
Meteora-Klöster
Mexiko Stadt: Historisches Zentrum und Xochimilco
Mont St. Michel und seine Bucht
Monte Alban: Altstadt von Oaxaca und Ruinen von Monte Alban
Monte San Giorgio
Monticello und Universität von Virginia in Charlottesville
Mostar: Brücke und Altstadt von Mostar
Mtskheta: Historische Kirchen von Mtskheta
Museumsinsel: Museumsinsel Berlin
Mystras
Nancy: Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière und Place d'Alliance in Nancy
Negev: Weihrauchstraße und Wüstenstädte im Negev
Neusiedlersee: Kulturlandschaft Neusiedlersee
New Lanark
Ngorongoro: Naturschutzgebiet Ngorongoro
Nordmoldawische Klöster: Bemalte Kirchen in der nördlichen Moldau
Ohrid: Stadt und See von Ohrid mit ihrer Umgebung
Olinda: Altstadt von Olinda
Olympia: Ruinen von Olympia
Orchon-Tal: Kulturlandschaft des Orchon-Tals
Orkney-Inseln: Die jungsteinzeitlichen Monumente auf den Orkney-Inseln
Ouro Preto: Die Altstadt von Ouro Preto
Palenque: Ruinen und Nationalpark von Palenque
Palmyra: Ruinen von Palmyra
Pamukkale: Antike Stadt Hierapolis-Pamukkale
Panama: Historisches Viertel von Panama und der Salón Bolívar
Paphos: Ruinen von Paphos
Paris: Seineufer in Paris zwischen Pont de Sully und Pont d'Iéna
Peking-Mensch: Fundstätte des "Peking-Menschen" in Zhoukoudian
Persepolis
Petäjävesi: Kirche von Petäjävesi
Petra: Ruinen von Petra
Pingyao: Altstadt von Ping Yao
Pisa: Domplatz von Pisa
Plantin-Moretus Haus-Druckerei und Museumskomplex
Pont du Gard: Römischer Aquädukt Pont du Gard
Porto: das historische Zentrum
Potosi: Stadt und Silberminen von Potosi
Prag: Historisches Zentrum von Prag
Puebla: Historisches Zentrum von Puebla
Qal'at al-Bahrain: Archäologische Stätte Qal'at al-Bahrain, Fort Bahrain
Qasr Amra: Wüstenschloß Qasr Amra
Québec: Historischer Bereich von Québec
Quedlinburg: Stiftskirche, Schloß und Altstadt von Quedlinburg
Qufu: Konfuziustempel, Friedhof und Residenz der Familie Kong in Qufu
Quito: Die Altstadt von Quito
Rauma: Stadt Rauma (Holzhäuser)
Ravenna: Frühchristliche Baudenkmäler und Mosaike von Ravenna
Regensburg: Altstadt und Stadtamhof
Reichenau: Klosterinsel Reichenau
Reisterrassen Ifugao: Reisterrassen der Philippinischen Kordilleren auf den Berghängen des Ifugao
Rheintal: Mittleres Rheintal
Rhodos: Mittelalterliche Stadt mit Ritterburg und Hospital
Rietveld Schröderhuis (Utrecht)
Riga: Historischer Stadtkern von Riga
Rila: Kloster Rila
Robben Island
Rocky Mountains: National- und Provinzialparks in den kanadischen Rocky Mountains
Roeros: Stadt und Bergwerke von Roeros
Rom: Historisches Zentrum von Rom
Roskilde: Kathedrale von Roskilde
Saint Emilion: Bezirk von Saint Emilion
Salvador de Bahia: Historisches Zentrum von Salvador de Bahia
Salzburg: Historisches Zentrum von Salzburg
San Juan: Festung La Fortaleza und Altstadt von San Juan in Puerto Rico
Sanaa: Altstadt von Sana'a
Sanchi: Buddhistisches Heiligtum bei Sanchi
Sansibar: Steinerne Stadt auf Sansibar
Sanssouci: Schlösser und Parks von Potsdam-Sanssouci und Berlin (Glienicke und Pfaueninsel)
Santa Laura und Humberstone, Salpeter-Mine und Arbeitersiedlung
Santa Laura und Humberstone, Salpeter-Mine und Arbeitersiedlung
Santiago de Cuba: San Pedro de la Roca in Santiago de Cuba
Santo Domingo: Kolonialzeitlicher Stadtbereich von Santo Domingo
Sassi di Matera: Felsarchitektur der Sassi di Matera
Schönbrunn: Schloß und Garten Schönbrunn
Segovia: Altstadt von Segovia mit Aquädukt
Semmering: Semmeringbahn mit umgebender Landschaft
Serengeti: Nationalpark Serengeti
Sergiev Posad: Befestigtes Kloster der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit und des heiligen Sergius in Sergiev Posad
Seychellen: Naturpark Vallée de Mai
Shibam: Altstadt von Shibam und ihre Stadtmauer
Sibenik: Kathedrale des Heiligen Jakob in Sibenik
Siena: Historisches Zentrum von Siena
Sighisoara: Historischer Stadtkern von Sighisoara (Schäßburg)
Sigiriya: Ruinenstadt Sigiriya
Simbabwe: Ruinenstadt Groß-Simbabwe
Sintra: Stadt Sintra und Sintragebirge
Skellig Michael: Felseninsel Skellig Michael mit frühmittelalterlicher Klostersiedlung
Sokkuram Höhle und Tempel von Pulguksa
Solowetzky-Inseln: Geschichts- und Kulturdenkmäler auf den Solowetzky-Inseln am Weißen Meer
Sommerpalast: Sommerpalast "Kaiserliche Gärten" bei Peking
Sousse: Altstadt von Sousse
Speyer: Dom zu Speyer
Spissky Hrad: Burg Spissky Hrad und benachbarte Kulturdenkmäler
Split: Altstadt und Palast Kaiser Diokletians in Split
St. Gallen: Kloster St. Gallen
St. Petersburg: Historisches Zentrum von St. Petersburg
Stonehenge, Avebury und zugehörige Denkmäler der Megalith-Kultur
Straßburg, Grand Ile (historisches Zentrum)
Stralsund, Wismar: Die historischen Städte Stralsund und Wismar
Studley: Könglicher Park von Studley mit den Ruinen von Fountains Abbey
Sukhothai: Ruinen von Sukhothai
Sweschtari: Thrakergrab von Sweschtari
Sydney: Oper von Sydney
Tai: Nationalpark Tai
Taj Mahal: Agra ,Taj Mahal
Tallinn: Altstadt von Tallinn (Reval)
Taos Pueblo: Indianerdorf
Taxila: Ruinenstadt Taxila
Tel Aviv: die "Weiße Stadt" von Tel Aviv
Telc: Historisches Zentrum von Telc (Teltsch)
Teruel: Mudéjar-Architektur in Teruel
Thanjavur: Tempel der Chola (vormals Tempel von Thanjavur)
Theben und seine Totenstadt
Thingvellir: Nationalpark Thingvellir
Tikal National Park
Timbuktu: Moscheen, Mausoleen und Friedhöfe von Timbuktu
Tomar: Christuskloster in Tomar
Tongariro: Nationalpark Tongariro mit Kultstätten der Maori im Bergland von Tongariro
Trier: Römische Baudenkmäler, Dom und Liebfrauenkirche von Trier
Trinidad: Stadt Trinidad und Zuckerfabriken im Valle de los Ingenios
Trogir: Historische Stadt Trogir
Troia: Archäologische Stätte von Troia
Tsingy de Bemaraha: Naturschutzgebiet Tsingy de Bemaraha
Tsodilo: Die vier Hügel von Tsodilo
Tugendhat: Haus Tugendhat in Brünn
Tunis: Altstadt von Tunis
Uluru: Nationalpark Uluru-Kata Tjuta (Ayers Rock) zusätzlich als Kulturlandschaft anerkannt
Unabhängigkeitshalle in Philadelphia: Independence Hall
Universität Caracas: Universitätsstadt von Caracas
Vézère: Höhlenmalereien im Tal der Vézère
Völklinger Hütte
Val Müstair: Benediktinerkloster St. Johann in Müstair
Vall de Boi
Valle de Vinales
Valletta: Stadt Valletta
Valparaiso: Historischer Bezirk von Valparaiso
Vatikan Stadt
Venedig und seine Lagune
Verbotene Stadt: Kaiserpalast der Ming- und der Qing-Dynastien in Beijing und Shenyang
Verona
Vicenza, die Stadt Palladios
Victoria Bahnhof: Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus (ehemals Victoria Terminus)
Victoria-Fälle
Vigan: Historische Altstadt von Vigan
Vilnius: Altstadt von Vilnius (Wilna)
Vizcaya: Schwebefähre Portugalete (Vizcaya-Brücke)
Vlkolinec: Geschütztes Bauerndorf Vlkolinec
Würzburg: Residenz und Hofgarten
Wachau: Die Wachau
Warschau: Altstadt von Warschau
Wartburg
Weimar: Klassisches Weimar
Westminster (Palast und Abtei) und Margarethenkirche in London
Westnorwegische Fjorde: Geirangerfjord and Nærøyfjord
Wieliczka: Das Salzbergwerk von Wieliczka
Wien: Das historische Zentrum von Wien
Willemstad: Hafen und Innenstadt von Willemstad (niederländische Antilleninsel Curacao)
Wladimir: Kathedrale von Wladimir, Klöster und Kirchen von Susdal und Kideksha
Xian: Grabmal des ersten Kaisers von China, Qin Shi Huang
Yosemite: Nationalpark Yosemite
Yungang-Grotten
Zeche Zollverein: Die industrielle Kulturlandschaft Zollverein

si
Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage

(E6)(L1) http://www.folklife.si.edu/

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T

U

UNESCO (W3)

"UNESCO" steht für "United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization" = "Organisation der Vereinten Nationen für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Kultur und Kommunikation".

(E3)(L1) http://www.hanisauland.de/info/allebegriffe.html

...
"UNESCO" ist die englische Abkürzung für "United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization" (auf Deutsch: "Organisation der Vereinten Nationen für Erziehung, Wissenschaft und Kultur"). Sie ist eine Sonderorganisation der Vereinten Nationen (UN) und wurde 1945 gegründet. Diese weltweite Organisation, zu der 188 Staaten gehören, hat ihren Sitz in Paris. Ihre Aufgabe ist es insbesondere, Kindern und Erwachsenen, die nicht lesen und schreiben können, zu einer Schulausbildung zu verhelfen. Die Organisation unterstützt vor allem Entwicklungsländer, denen das Geld für Schulen fehlt. Aber sie hilft auch Ländern, die Katastrophen wie Überschwemmungen oder Erdbeben erlitten haben, beim Wiederaufbau. Das Ziel der UNESCO ist es, weltweit die Bildung zu fördern, aber auch dafür zu sorgen, dass sich die Länder untereinander austauschen, damit wir gegenseitig mehr über fremde Kulturen erfahren und lernen, diese zu verstehen.
...

(E?)(L?) http://www.unesco.de/
Organisation der Vereinten Nationen für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Kultur und Kommunikation. - Die UNESCO hat 188 Mitgliedstaaten. Sie ist eine der 16 rechtlich eigenständigen Sonderorganisationen der Vereinten Nationen und hat ihren Sitz in Paris.

(E?)(L?) http://www.unesco.de/c_organisation/die_unesco.htm
Die UNESCO hat 188 Mitgliedstaaten. Sie ist eine der 16 rechtlich eigenständigen Sonderorganisationen der Vereinten Nationen und hat ihren Sitz in Paris.
...

(E?)(L?) http://www.unesco.de/c_arbeitsgebiete/welterbekonvention.htm
(E?)(L?) http://www.unesco.de/c_arbeitsgebiete/info-welterbeliste.pdf
Das Welterbeprogramm der UNESCO

Ob die Tempel von Abu Simbel, die Altstadt von Bamberg, der Tower von London oder der kanadische Nationalpark Wood Buffalo - die menschlichen Kulturleistungen und die Naturphänome sind einzigartig und schützenswert. Die UNESCO hat sich zur Aufgabe gemacht, die Kultur- und Naturgüter der Menschheit, die einen "außergewöhnlich universellen Wert" besitzen, zu erhalten. 754 Stätten weltweit sind auf der UNESCO-Liste des Welterbes verzeichnet.
...
Die von der UNESCO geführte Liste des Welterbes umfasst insgesamt 754 Denkmäler in 129 Ländern. Davon sind 582 Kulturdenkmäler (K) und 149 Naturdenkmäler (N). Weitere 23 Denkmäler gehören sowohl dem Kultur- als auch dem Naturerbe an. Welterbestätten, die grenzüberschreitend sind, sind besonders gekennzeichnet (GÜ). Außerdem ist in den Klammern das Jahr der Aufnahme in die Welterbeliste angegeben. Die im Juli 2003 neu in die Liste aufgenommenen Welterbestätten sind fett gedruckt. Die kursiv hervorgehobenen Stätten hat das Welterbekomitee als besonders bedroht eingestuft und auf die so genannte "Rote Liste" des gefährdeten Welterbes gesetzt.
...

(E6)(L?) http://www.unesco.de/c_arbeitsgebiete/kultur.htm

Bildung für alle | Bildung für nachhaltige Entwicklung | Jugend | Bioethik | Menschenrechte | Immaterielles Kulturerbe | Kulturelle Bildung | Kulturelle Vielfalt | IKT und Bildung | Open Access | Pressefreiheit | Die UNESCO | Die Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission | Dokumente | Publikationen | Presse | Stellenangebote | Intranet

(E?)(L?) http://www.unesco.de/kultur.html?&L=0

Aktuelles | Kulturelle Vielfalt | Welterbe | Immaterielles Kulturerbe | Kulturelle Bildung | Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft | Weltdokumentenerbe | Haager Konvention | Kulturerbe unter Wasser | Illegaler Handel mit Kulturgut | Welttage | Internationales Jahr der Sprachen | Kulturförderung | Die UNESCO | Die Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission | Dokumente | Publikationen | Presse | Stellenangebote | Intranet

unesco
World Heritage List
UNESCO-Liste des Welterbes

(E?)(L?) http://whc.unesco.org/
Baudenkmäler, Städteensembles, aber auch Industriedenkmäler und außergewöhnliche Naturlandschaften, werden durch die UNESCO nicht nur als Welterbe ausgezeichnet, sondern auch unter einen besonderen Schutz gestellt.

(E6)(L1) http://www.unesco.de/c_arbeitsgebiete/info-welterbeliste.pdf
(E6)(L1) http://www.unesco.de/c_arbeitsgebiete/welterbe.htm
(E?)(L1) http://www.unesco.de/c_arbeitsgebiete/welterbeliste.htm
(E?)(L?) http://www.unesco.de/c_arbeitsgebiete/welterbe_rote_liste.htm
(E?)(L1) http://whc.unesco.org/nwhc/pages/doc/mainf3.htm
(E?)(L?) http://www.unesco-heute.de/0705/welterbestaetten.htm
UNESCO-Liste des Welterbes: die Pyramiden Ägyptens, der Grand Canyon des Colorado, der Mont Saint-Michel, das Tadsch Mahal, die Inkastadt Machu Picchu in Peru, der Ngorongoro-Krater in Tansania - Es sind Zeugnisse vergangener Kulturen und einzigartige Naturlandschaften, deren Untergang ein unersetzlicher Verlust für die gesamte Menschheit wäre. Sie zu schützen liegt deshalb nicht allein in der Verantwortung eines einzelnen Staates, sondern ist Aufgabe der Völkergemeinschaft. Dies ist das Ziel des internationalen "Übereinkommens zum Schutz des Kultur- und Naturerbes der Welt", das die UNESCO 1972 beschlossen hat. 161 Staaten haben die Konvention inzwischen unterzeichnet.

(E?)(L?) http://www.unesco.de/liste-welterbe.html?&L=0
(E?)(L?) http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/
19.04.2008:

The World Heritage List includes 851 properties forming part of the cultural and natural heritage which the World Heritage Committee considers as having outstanding universal value.

These include 660 cultural, 166 natural and 25 mixed properties in 141 States Parties. As of November 2007, 185 States Parties have ratified the World Heritage Convention.

Afghanistan

Minaret and Archaeological Remains of Jam (2002)
Cultural Landscape and Archaeological Remains of the Bamiyan Valley (2003)

Albania

Butrint (1992, 1999, 2007)
Museum-City of Gjirokastra (2005)

Algeria

Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad (1980)
Djémila (1982)
M'Zab Valley (1982)
Tassili n'Ajjer (1982) #
Timgad (1982)
Tipasa (1982)
Kasbah of Algiers (1992)

Andorra

Madriu-Perafita-Claror Valley (2004, 2006)

Argentina

Los Glaciares (1981) #
Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria Mayor (Argentina), Ruins of Sao Miguel das Missoes (Brazil) (1983, 1984)
Iguazu National Park (1984)
Cueva de las Manos, Río Pinturas (1999)
Península Valdés (1999)
Ischigualasto / Talampaya Natural Parks (2000)
Jesuit Block and Estancias of Córdoba (2000)
Quebrada de Humahuaca (2003)

Armenia

Monasteries of Haghpat and Sanahin (1996, 2000)
Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin and the Archaeological Site of Zvartnots (2000)

Australia

Kakadu National Park (1981, 1987, 1992)
Willandra Lakes Region (1981)
Lord Howe Island Group (1982)
Gondwana Rainforests of Australia (1986, 1994)
Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park (1987, 1994)
Wet Tropics of Queensland (1988)
Shark Bay, Western Australia (1991)
Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh / Naracoorte) (1994)
Heard and McDonald Islands (1997)
Macquarie Island (1997)
Greater Blue Mountains Area (2000)
Purnululu National Park (2003)
Royal Exhibition Building and Carlton Gardens (2004)
Sydney Opera House (2007)

Austria

Historic Centre of the City of Salzburg (1996)
Palace and Gardens of Schönbrunn (1996)
Hallstatt-Dachstein Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape (1997)
Semmering Railway (1998)
City of Graz - Historic Centre (1999)
Wachau Cultural Landscape (2000)
Fertö / Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape (2001)
Historic Centre of Vienna (2001)

Azerbaijan

Walled City of Baku with the Shirvanshah's Palace and Maiden Tower (2000)
Gobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape (2007)

Bahrain

Qal'at al-Bahrain - Ancient Harbour and Capital of Dilmun (2005)

Bangladesh

Historic Mosque City of Bagerhat (1985)
The Sundarbans (1997)

Belarus

Belovezhskaya Pushcha / Bia?owie?a Forest (1979, 1992)
Mir Castle Complex (2000)
Architectural, Residential and Cultural Complex of the Radziwill Family at Nesvizh (2005)
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)

Belgium

Flemish Béguinages (1998)
La Grand-Place, Brussels (1998)
The Four Lifts on the Canal du Centre and their Environs, La Louvière and Le Roeulx (Hainault) (1998)
Belfries of Belgium and France (1999, 2005)
Historic Centre of Brugge (2000)
Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta (Brussels) (2000)
Neolithic Flint Mines at Spiennes (Mons) (2000)
Plantin-Moretus House-Workshops-Museum Complex (2005)

Belize

Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System (1996)

Benin

Royal Palaces of Abomey (1985, 2007)

Bolivia

City of Potosí (1987)
Jesuit Missions of the Chiquitos (1990)
Fuerte de Samaipata (1998)
Noel Kempff Mercado National Park (2000)
Tiwanaku: Spiritual and Political Centre of the Tiwanaku Culture (2000)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Old Bridge Area of the Old City of Mostar (2005)
Mehmed Paša Sokolovi? Bridge in Višegrad (2007)

Botswana

Tsodilo (2001)

Brazil

Historic Town of Ouro Preto (1980)
Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda (1982)
Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis: San Ignacio Mini, Santa Ana, Nuestra Señora de Loreto and Santa Maria Mayor (Argentina), Ruins of Sao Miguel das Missoes (Brazil) (1983, 1984)
Historic Centre of Salvador de Bahia (1985)
Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Congonhas (1985)
Iguaçu National Park (1986)
Brasilia (1987)
Serra da Capivara National Park (1991)
Historic Centre of São Luís (1997)
Atlantic Forest South-East Reserves (1999)
Discovery Coast Atlantic Forest Reserves (1999)
Historic Centre of the Town of Diamantina (1999)
Central Amazon Conservation Complex (2000, 2003)
Pantanal Conservation Area (2000)
Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Atol das Rocas Reserves (2001)
Cerrado Protected Areas: Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas National Parks (2001)
Historic Centre of the Town of Goiás (2001)

Bulgaria

Boyana Church (1979)
Madara Rider (1979)
Rock-Hewn Churches of Ivanovo (1979)
Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak (1979)
Ancient City of Nessebar (1983)
Pirin National Park (1983)
Srebarna Nature Reserve (1983)
Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari (1985)

Cambodia

Angkor (1992)

Cameroon

Dja Faunal Reserve (1987)

Canada

L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site (1978)
Nahanni National Park (1978) #
Dinosaur Provincial Park (1979)
Kluane / Wrangell-St Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek (1979, 1992, 1994)
Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump (1981)
SGang Gwaay (1981)
Wood Buffalo National Park (1983)
Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks (1984, 1990)
Historic District of Old Québec (1985)
Gros Morne National Park (1987)
Old Town Lunenburg (1995)
Waterton Glacier International Peace Park (1995)
Miguasha National Park (1999)
Rideau Canal (2007)

Central African Republic

Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park (1988)

Chile

Rapa Nui National Park (1995)
Churches of Chiloé (2000)
Historic Quarter of the Seaport City of Valparaíso (2003)
Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works (2005)
Sewell Mining Town (2006)

China

Imperial Palaces of the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing and Shenyang (1987, 2004)
Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor (1987)
Mogao Caves (1987)
Mount Taishan (1987)
Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian (1987)
The Great Wall (1987)
Mount Huangshan (1990)
Huanglong Scenic and Historic Interest Area (1992)
Jiuzhaigou Valley Scenic and Historic Interest Area (1992)
Wulingyuan Scenic and Historic Interest Area (1992)
Ancient Building Complex in the Wudang Mountains (1994)
Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace, Lhasa (1994, 2000, 2001)
Mountain Resort and its Outlying Temples, Chengde (1994)
Temple and Cemetery of Confucius and the Kong Family Mansion in Qufu (1994)
Lushan National Park (1996)
Ancient City of Ping Yao (1997)
Classical Gardens of Suzhou (1997, 2000)
Old Town of Lijiang (1997)
Summer Palace, an Imperial Garden in Beijing (1998)
Temple of Heaven: an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing (1998)
Dazu Rock Carvings (1999)
Mount Wuyi (1999)
Ancient Villages in Southern Anhui - Xidi and Hongcun (2000)
Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties (2000, 2003, 2004)
Longmen Grottoes (2000)
Mount Qingcheng and the Dujiangyan Irrigation System (2000)
Yungang Grottoes (2001)
Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas (2003)
Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom (2004)
Historic Centre of Macao (2005)
Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuaries (2006)
Yin Xu (2006)
Kaiping Diaolou and Villages (2007)
South China Karst (2007)

Colombia

Port, Fortresses and Group of Monuments, Cartagena (1984)
Los Katíos National Park (1994)
Historic Centre of Santa Cruz de Mompox (1995)
National Archeological Park of Tierradentro (1995)
San Agustín Archeological Park (1995)
Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary (2006)

Costa Rica

Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves / La Amistad National Park (1983, 1990)
Cocos Island National Park (1997, 2002)
Area de Conservación Guanacaste (1999, 2004)

Côte d'Ivoire

Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (1981, 1982)
Taï National Park (1982)
Comoé National Park (1983)

Croatia

Historical Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian (1979)
Old City of Dubrovnik (1979, 1994)
Plitvice Lakes National Park (1979, 2000) #
Episcopal Complex of the Euphrasian Basilica in the Historic Centre of Pore? (1997)
Historic City of Trogir (1997)
The Cathedral of St James in Šibenik (2000)

Cuba

Old Havana and its Fortifications (1982)
Trinidad and the Valley de los Ingenios (1988)
San Pedro de la Roca Castle, Santiago de Cuba (1997)
Desembarco del Granma National Park (1999)
Viñales Valley (1999)
Archaeological Landscape of the First Coffee Plantations in the South-East of Cuba (2000)
Alejandro de Humboldt National Park (2001)
Urban Historic Centre of Cienfuegos (2005)

Cyprus

Paphos (1980)
Painted Churches in the Troodos Region (1985, 2001)
Choirokoitia (1998)

Czech Republic

Historic Centre of ?eský Krumlov (1992)
Historic Centre of Prague (1992)
Historic Centre of Tel? (1992)
Pilgrimage Church of St John of Nepomuk at Zelená Hora (1994)
Kutná Hora: Historical Town Centre with the Church of St Barbara and the Cathedral of Our Lady at Sedlec (1995)
Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape (1996)
Gardens and Castle at Krom??íž (1998)
Holašovice Historical Village Reservation (1998)
Litomyšl Castle (1999)
Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc (2000)
Tugendhat Villa in Brno (2001)
Jewish Quarter and St Procopius' Basilica in T?ebí? (2003)

Democratic People's Republic of Korea

Complex of Koguryo Tombs (2004)

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Virunga National Park (1979) #
Kahuzi-Biega National Park (1980)
Garamba National Park (1980)
Salonga National Park (1984)
Okapi Wildlife Reserve (1996)

Denmark

Jelling Mounds, Runic Stones and Church (1994)
Roskilde Cathedral (1995)
Kronborg Castle (2000)
Ilulissat Icefjord (2004)

Dominica

Morne Trois Pitons National Park (1997)

Dominican Republic

Colonial City of Santo Domingo (1990)

Ecuador

City of Quito (1978)
Sangay National Park (1983) #
Historic Centre of Santa Ana de los Ríos de Cuenca (1999)

Egypt

Abu Mena (1979)
Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis (1979)
Historic Cairo (1979)
Memphis and its Necropolis - the Pyramid Fields from Giza to Dahshur (1979)
Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae (1979)
Saint Catherine Area (2002)
Wadi Al-Hitan (Whale Valley) (2005)

El Salvador

Joya de Cerén Archaeological Site (1993)

Estonia

Historic Centre (Old Town) of Tallinn (1997)
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)

Ethiopia

Simien National Park (1978)
Rock-Hewn Churches, Lalibela (1978)
Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar Region (1979)
Aksum (1980)
Lower Valley of the Awash (1980)
Lower Valley of the Omo (1980)
Tiya (1980)
Harar Jugol, the Fortified Historic Town (2006)

Finland

Fortress of Suomenlinna (1991)
Old Rauma (1991)
Petäjävesi Old Church (1994)
Verla Groundwood and Board Mill (1996)
Bronze Age Burial Site of Sammallahdenmäki (1999)
Kvarken Archipelago / High Coast (2000, 2006)
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)

France

Chartres Cathedral (1979)
Mont-Saint-Michel and its Bay (1979, 2007)
Palace and Park of Versailles (1979, 2007)
Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley (1979)
Vézelay, Church and Hill (1979, 2007)
Amiens Cathedral (1981)
Arles, Roman and Romanesque Monuments (1981)
Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay (1981, 2007)
Palace and Park of Fontainebleau (1981)
Roman Theatre and its Surroundings and the "Triumphal Arch" of Orange (1981, 2007)
Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans (1982)
Abbey Church of Saint-Savin sur Gartempe (1983, 2007)
Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana, Gulf of Girolata, Scandola Reserve (1983) #
Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance in Nancy (1983)
Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) (1985, 2007)
Strasbourg - Grande île (1988)
Paris, Banks of the Seine (1991)
Bourges Cathedral (1992)
Historic Centre of Avignon: Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and Avignon Bridge (1995)
Canal du Midi (1996)
Historic Fortified City of Carcassonne (1997)
Pyrénées - Mont Perdu (1997, 1999)
Historic Site of Lyons (1998)
Belfries of Belgium and France (1999, 2005)
Jurisdiction of Saint-Emilion (1999)
The Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes (2000)
Bordeaux, Port of the Moon (2007)

Gabon

Ecosystem and Relict Cultural Landscape of Lopé-Okanda (2007)

Gambia

James Island and Related Sites (2003)
Stone Circles of Senegambia (2006)

Georgia

Historical Monuments of Mtskheta (1994)
Upper Svaneti (1996)

Germany

Speyer Cathedral (1981)
Würzburg Residence with the Court Gardens and Residence Square (1981)
Pilgrimage Church of Wies (1983)
Castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust at Brühl (1984)
St Mary's Cathedral and St Michael's Church at Hildesheim (1985)
Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in Trier (1986)
Frontiers of the Roman Empire (1987, 2005)
Hanseatic City of Lübeck (1987)
Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin (1990, 1992, 1999)
Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch (1991)
Mines of Rammelsberg and Historic Town of Goslar (1992)
Town of Bamberg (1993)
Collegiate Church, Castle, and Old Town of Quedlinburg (1994)
Messel Pit Fossil Site (1995)
Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar and Dessau (1996)
Cologne Cathedral (1996)
Luther Memorials in Eisleben and Wittenberg (1996)
Classical Weimar (1998)
Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin (1999)
Wartburg Castle (1999)
Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz (2000)
Monastic Island of Reichenau (2000)
Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen (2001)
Historic Centres of Stralsund and Wismar (2002)
Upper Middle Rhine Valley (2002)
Dresden Elbe Valley (2004)
Muskauer Park / Park Muzakowski (2004)
Town Hall and Roland on the Marketplace of Bremen (2004)
Old town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof (2006)

Ghana

Forts and Castles, Volta, Greater Accra, Central and Western Regions (1979)
Asante Traditional Buildings (1980)

Greece

Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae (1986)
Acropolis, Athens (1987)
Archaeological Site of Delphi (1987)
Medieval City of Rhodes (1988)
Meteora (1988)
Mount Athos (1988)
Paleochristian and Byzantine Monuments of Thessalonika (1988)
Sanctuary of Asklepios at Epidaurus (1988)
Archaeological Site of Mystras (1989)
Archaeological Site of Olympia (1989)
Delos (1990)
Monasteries of Daphni, Hosios Loukas and Nea Moni of Chios (1990)
Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos (1992)
Archaeological Site of Aigai (modern name Vergina) (1996)
Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns (1999)
Old Town of Corfu (2007)

Guatemala

Antigua Guatemala (1979)
Tikal National Park (1979)
Archaeological Park and Ruins of Quirigua (1981)

Guinea

Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve (1981, 1982)

Haiti

National History Park - Citadel, Sans Souci, Ramiers (1982)

Holy See

Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura (1980, 1990)
Vatican City (1984)

Honduras

Maya Site of Copan (1980)
Río Plátano Biosphere Reserve (1982)

Hungary

Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter and Andrássy Avenue (1987, 2002)
Old Village of Hollókö and its Surroundings (1987)
Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst (1995, 2000)
Millenary Benedictine Abbey of Pannonhalma and its Natural Environment (1996)
Hortobágy National Park - the Puszta (1999)
Early Christian Necropolis of Pécs (Sopianae) (2000)
Fertö / Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape (2001)
Tokaj Wine Region Historic Cultural Landscape (2002)

Iceland

Þingvellir National Park (2004)

India

Agra Fort (1983)
Ajanta Caves (1983)
Ellora Caves (1983)
Taj Mahal (1983)
Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (1984)
Sun Temple, Konârak (1984)
Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (1985)
Kaziranga National Park (1985)
Keoladeo National Park (1985)
Churches and Convents of Goa (1986)
Fatehpur Sikri (1986)
Group of Monuments at Hampi (1986)
Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986)
Elephanta Caves (1987)
Great Living Chola Temples (1987, 2004)
Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (1987)
Sundarbans National Park (1987)
Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks (1988, 2005)
Humayun's Tomb, Delhi (1993)
Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi (1993)
Mountain Railways of India (1999, 2005)
Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya (2002)
Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003)
Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (2004)
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) (2004)
Red Fort Complex (2007)

Indonesia

Borobudur Temple Compounds (1991)
Komodo National Park (1991)
Prambanan Temple Compounds (1991)
Ujung Kulon National Park (1991)
Sangiran Early Man Site (1996)
Lorentz National Park (1999)
Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra (2004)

Iran (Islamic Republic of)

Meidan Emam, Esfahan (1979)
Persepolis (1979)
Tchogha Zanbil (1979)
Takht-e Soleyman (2003)
Bam and its Cultural Landscape (2004, 2007)
Pasargadae (2004)
Soltaniyeh (2005)
Bisotun (2006)

Iraq

Hatra (1985)
Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat) (2003)
Samarra Archaeological City (2007)

Ireland

Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne (1993)
Skellig Michael (1996)

Israel

Masada (2001)
Old City of Acre (2001)
White City of Tel-Aviv -- the Modern Movement (2003)
Biblical Tels - Megiddo, Hazor, Beer Sheba (2005)

Italy

Rock Drawings in Valcamonica (1979)
Church and Dominican Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie with "The Last Supper" by Leonardo da Vinci (1980)
Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura (1980, 1990)
Historic Centre of Florence (1982)
Piazza del Duomo, Pisa (1987, 2007)
Venice and its Lagoon (1987)
Historic Centre of San Gimignano (1990)
The Sassi and the Park of the Rupestrian Churches of Matera (1993)
City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto (1994, 1996)
Crespi d'Adda (1995)
Ferrara, City of the Renaissance, and its Po Delta (1995, 1999)
Historic Centre of Siena (1995)
Castel del Monte (1996)
Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna (1996)
Historic Centre of the City of Pienza (1996)
The Trulli of Alberobello (1996)
18th-Century Royal Palace at Caserta with the Park, the Aqueduct of Vanvitelli, and the San Leucio Complex (1997)
Archaeological Area of Agrigento (1997)
Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata (1997)
Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, Modena (1997)
Costiera Amalfitana (1997)
Portovenere, Cinque Terre, and the Islands (Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto) (1997)
Residences of the Royal House of Savoy (1997)
Su Nuraxi di Barumini (1997)
Villa Romana del Casale (1997)
Archaeological Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia (1998)
Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park with the Archeological sites of Paestum and Velia, and the Certosa di Padula (1998)
Historic Centre of Urbino (1998)
Villa Adriana (Tivoli) (1999)
Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites (2000)
City of Verona (2000)
Isole Eolie (Aeolian Islands) (2000)
Villa d'Este, Tivoli (2001)
Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy (2003)
Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia (2004)
Val d'Orcia (2004)
Syracuse and the Rocky Necropolis of Pantalica (2005)
Genoa: Le Strade Nuove and the system of the Palazzi dei Rolli (2006)

Japan

Himeji-jo (1993)
Shirakami-Sanchi (1993)
Yakushima (1993)
Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities) (1994)
Historic Villages of Shirakawa-go and Gokayama (1995)
Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Genbaku Dome) (1996)
Itsukushima Shinto Shrine (1996)
Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara (1998)
Shrines and Temples of Nikko (1999)
Gusuku Sites and Related Properties of the Kingdom of Ryukyu (2000)
Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range (2004)
Shiretoko (2005)
Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and its Cultural Landscape (2007)

Jerusalem (Site proposed by Jordan)

Old City of Jerusalem and its Walls (1981)

Jordan

Petra (1985)
Quseir Amra (1985)
Um er-Rasas (Kastrom Mefa'a) (2004)

Kazakhstan

Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi (2003)
Petroglyphs within the Archaeological Landscape of Tamgaly (2004)

Kenya

Lake Turkana National Parks (1997, 2001)
Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest (1997)
Lamu Old Town (2001)

Lao People's Democratic Republic

Town of Luang Prabang (1995)
Vat Phou and Associated Ancient Settlements within the Champasak Cultural Landscape (2001)

Latvia

Historic Centre of Riga (1997)
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)

Lebanon

Anjar (1984)
Baalbek (1984)
Byblos (1984)
Tyre (1984)
Ouadi Qadisha (the Holy Valley) and the Forest of the Cedars of God (Horsh Arz el-Rab) (1998)

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Archaeological Site of Cyrene (1982)
Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna (1982)
Archaeological Site of Sabratha (1982)
Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus (1985)
Old Town of Ghadamès (1986)

Lithuania

Vilnius Historic Centre (1994)
Curonian Spit (2000)
Kernav? Archaeological Site (Cultural Reserve of Kernav?) (2004)
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)

Luxembourg

City of Luxembourg: its Old Quarters and Fortifications (1994)

Madagascar

Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve (1990)
Royal Hill of Ambohimanga (2001)
Rainforests of the Atsinanana (2007)

Malawi

Lake Malawi National Park (1984)
Chongoni Rock-Art Area (2006)

Malaysia

Gunung Mulu National Park (2000)
Kinabalu Park (2000)

Mali

Old Towns of Djenné (1988)
Timbuktu (1988)
Cliff of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons) (1989)
Tomb of Askia (2004)

Malta

City of Valletta (1980)
Hal Saflieni Hypogeum (1980)
Megalithic Temples of Malta (1980, 1992)

Mauritania

Banc d'Arguin National Park (1989)
Ancient Ksour of Ouadane, Chinguetti, Tichitt and Oualata (1996)

Mauritius

Aapravasi Ghat (2006)

Mexico

Historic Centre of Mexico City and Xochimilco (1987)
Historic Centre of Oaxaca and Archaeological Site of Monte Albán (1987)
Historic Centre of Puebla (1987)
Pre-Hispanic City and National Park of Palenque (1987)
Pre-Hispanic City of Teotihuacan (1987)
Sian Ka'an (1987)
Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines (1988)
Pre-Hispanic City of Chichen-Itza (1988)
Historic Centre of Morelia (1991)
El Tajin, Pre-Hispanic City (1992)
Historic Centre of Zacatecas (1993)
Rock Paintings of the Sierra de San Francisco (1993)
Whale Sanctuary of El Vizcaino (1993)
Earliest 16th-Century Monasteries on the Slopes of Popocatepetl (1994)
Historic Monuments Zone of Querétaro (1996)
Pre-Hispanic Town of Uxmal (1996)
Hospicio Cabañas, Guadalajara (1997)
Archeological Zone of Paquimé, Casas Grandes (1998)
Historic Monuments Zone of Tlacotalpan (1998)
Archaeological Monuments Zone of Xochicalco (1999)
Historic Fortified Town of Campeche (1999)
Ancient Maya City of Calakmul, Campeche (2002)
Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda of Querétaro (2003)
Luis Barragán House and Studio (2004)
Islands and Protected Areas of the Gulf of California (2005, 2007)
Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila (2006)
Central University City Campus of the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) (2007)

Mongolia

Uvs Nuur Basin (2003)
Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape (2004)

Montenegro

Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor (1979)
Durmitor National Park (1980, 2005)

Morocco

Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou (1987)
Historic City of Meknes (1996)
Archaeological Site of Volubilis (1997)
Portuguese City of Mazagan (El Jadida) (2004)

Mozambique

Island of Mozambique (1991)

Namibia

Twyfelfontein or /Ui-//aes (2007)

Nepal

Kathmandu Valley (1979, 2006)
Sagarmatha National Park (1979)
Royal Chitwan National Park (1984)

Netherlands

Schokland and Surroundings (1995)
Defence Line of Amsterdam (1996)
Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Netherlands Antilles (1997)
Mill Network at Kinderdijk-Elshout (1997)
Droogmakerij de Beemster (Beemster Polder) (1999)
Rietveld Schröderhuis (Rietveld Schröder House) (2000)

New Zealand

Te Wahipounamu - South West New Zealand (1990)
Tongariro National Park (1990, 1993) #
New Zealand Sub-Antarctic Islands (1998)

Nicaragua

Ruins of León Viejo (2000)

Niger

Air and Ténéré Natural Reserves (1991)
W National Park of Niger (1996)

Nigeria

Sukur Cultural Landscape (1999)
Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove (2005)

Norway

Bryggen (1979)
Urnes Stave Church (1979)
Røros Mining Town (1980)
Rock Art of Alta (1985)
Vegaøyan -- The Vega Archipelago (2004)
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)
West Norwegian Fjords - Geirangerfjord and Nærøyfjord (2005)

Oman

Bahla Fort (1987)
Archaeological Sites of Bat, Al-Khutm and Al-Ayn (1988)
Arabian Oryx Sanctuary (1994) Delisted 2007
Land of Frankincense (2000)
Aflaj Irrigation Systems of Oman (2006)

Pakistan

Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro (1980)
Taxila (1980)
Fort and Shalamar Gardens in Lahore (1981)
Historical Monuments of Thatta (1981)
Rohtas Fort (1997)

Panama

Fortifications on the Caribbean Side of Panama: Portobelo-San Lorenzo (1980)
Darien National Park (1981)
Talamanca Range-La Amistad Reserves / La Amistad National Park (1983, 1990)
Archaeological Site of Panamá Viejo and Historic District of Panamá (1997, 2003)
Coiba National Park and its Special Zone of Marine Protection (2005)

Paraguay

Jesuit Missions of La Santísima Trinidad de Paraná and Jesús de Tavarangue (1993)

Peru

Chavin (Archaeological Site) (1985)
Huascarán National Park (1985) #
Chan Chan Archaeological Zone (1986)
Manú National Park (1987)
Historic Centre of Lima (1988, 1991)
Río Abiseo National Park (1990, 1992)
Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Pampas de Jumana (1994)
Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa (2000)

Philippines

Tubbataha Reef Marine Park (1993)
Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (1995)
Historic Town of Vigan (1999)
Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River National Park (1999)

Poland

Cracow's Historic Centre (1978)
Wieliczka Salt Mine (1978)
Belovezhskaya Pushcha / Bia?owie?a Forest (1979, 1992)
Historic Centre of Warsaw (1980)
Old City of Zamo?? (1992)
Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork (1997)
Medieval Town of Toru? (1997)
Kalwaria Zebrzydowska: the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape Complex and Pilgrimage Park (1999)
Churches of Peace in Jawor and Swidnica (2001)
Wooden Churches of Southern Little Poland (2003)
Muskauer Park / Park Muzakowski (2004)
Centennial Hall in Wroclaw (2006)

Portugal

Central Zone of the Town of Angra do Heroismo in the Azores (1983)
Convent of Christ in Tomar (1983)
Historic Centre of Évora (1986)
Cultural Landscape of Sintra (1995)
Historic Centre of Oporto (1996)
Prehistoric Rock-Art Sites in the Côa Valley (1998)
Laurisilva of Madeira (1999)
Alto Douro Wine Region (2001)
Historic Centre of Guimarães (2001)
Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture (2004)

Republic of Korea

Haeinsa Temple Janggyeong Panjeon, the Depositories for the Tripitaka Koreana Woodblocks (1995)
Jongmyo Shrine (1995)
Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple (1995)
Changdeokgung Palace Complex (1997)
Hwaseong Fortress (1997)
Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites (2000)
Gyeongju Historic Areas (2000)
Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes (2007)

Republic of Moldova

Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)

Romania

Danube Delta (1991)
Churches of Moldavia (1993)
Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania (1993, 1999)
Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains (1999)
Historic Centre of Sighi?oara (1999)
Wooden Churches of Maramure? (1999)

Russian Federation

Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments (1990)
Kizhi Pogost (1990)
Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow (1990)
Cultural and Historic Ensemble of the Solovetsky Islands (1992)
Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings (1992)
White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal (1992)
Architectural Ensemble of the Trinity Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad (1993)
Church of the Ascension, Kolomenskoye (1994)
Virgin Komi Forests (1995)
Lake Baikal (1996)
Volcanoes of Kamchatka (1996, 2001)
Golden Mountains of Altai (1998)
Western Caucasus (1999)
Curonian Spit (2000)
Historic and Architectural Complex of the Kazan Kremlin (2000)
Central Sikhote-Alin (2001)
Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent (2003)
Uvs Nuur Basin (2003)
Ensemble of the Novodevichy Convent (2004)
Natural System of Wrangel Island Reserve (2004)
Historical Centre of the City of Yaroslavl (2005)
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Brimstone Hill Fortress National Park (1999)

Saint Lucia

Pitons Management Area (2004)

Senegal

Island of Gorée (1978)
Niokolo-Koba National Park (1981)
Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary (1981)
Island of Saint-Louis (2000, 2007)
Stone Circles of Senegambia (2006)

Serbia

Stari Ras and Sopo?ani (1979)
Medieval Monuments in Kosovo (2004, 2006)
Gamzigrad-Romuliana, Palace of Galerius (2007)

Seychelles

Aldabra Atoll (1982)
Vallée de Mai Nature Reserve (1983)

Slovakia

Historic Town of Banská Štiavnica and the Technical Monuments in its Vicinity (1993)
Spišský Hrad and its Associated Cultural Monuments (1993)
Vlkolínec (1993)
Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst (1995, 2000)
Bardejov Town Conservation Reserve (2000)
Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians (2007)

Slovenia

Škocjan Caves (1986) #

Solomon Islands

East Rennell (1998)

South Africa

Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai, and Environs (1999, 2005)
Greater St Lucia Wetland Park (1999)
Robben Island (1999)
uKhahlamba / Drakensberg Park (2000)
Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape (2003)
Cape Floral Region Protected Areas (2004)
Vredefort Dome (2005)

Spain

Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín, Granada (1984, 1994)
Burgos Cathedral (1984)
Historic Centre of Cordoba (1984, 1994)
Works of Antoni Gaudí (1984, 2005)
Altamira Cave (1985)
Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias (1985, 1998)
Old Town of Ávila with its Extra-Muros Churches (1985, 2007)
Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct (1985)
Garajonay National Park (1986)
Historic City of Toledo (1986)
Mudejar Architecture of Aragon (1986, 2001)
Old Town of Cáceres (1986)
Cathedral, Alcázar and Archivo de Indias in Seville (1987)
Old City of Salamanca (1988)
Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida (1993)
Doñana National Park (1994, 2005)
Historic Walled Town of Cuenca (1996)
La Lonja de la Seda de Valencia (1996)
Las Médulas (1997)
Pyrénées - Mont Perdu (1997, 1999)
San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries (1997)
Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula (1998)
University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de Henares (1998)
Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture (1999)
San Cristóbal de La Laguna (1999)
Archaeological Ensemble of Tárraco (2000)
Archaeological Site of Atapuerca (2000)
Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí (2000)
Palmeral of Elche (2000)
Roman Walls of Lugo (2000)
Aranjuez Cultural Landscape (2001)
Renaissance Monumental Ensembles of Úbeda and Baeza (2003)
Vizcaya Bridge (2006)
Teide National Park (2007)

Sri Lanka

Ancient City of Polonnaruwa (1982)
Ancient City of Sigiriya (1982)
Sacred City of Anuradhapura (1982)
Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications (1988)
Sacred City of Kandy (1988)
Sinharaja Forest Reserve (1988)
Golden Temple of Dambulla (1991)

Sudan

Gebel Barkal and the Sites of the Napatan Region (2003)

Suriname

Central Suriname Nature Reserve (2000)
Historic Inner City of Paramaribo (2002)

Sweden

Royal Domain of Drottningholm (1991)
Birka and Hovgården (1993)
Engelsberg Ironworks (1993)
Rock Carvings in Tanum (1994)
Skogskyrkogården (1994)
Church Village of Gammelstad, Luleå (1996)
Naval Port of Karlskrona (1998)
Agricultural Landscape of Southern Öland (2000)
Kvarken Archipelago / High Coast (2000, 2006)
Mining Area of the Great Copper Mountain in Falun (2001)
Varberg Radio Station (2004)
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)

Switzerland

Benedictine Convent of St John at Müstair (1983)
Convent of St Gall (1983)
Old City of Berne (1983)
Three Castles, Defensive Wall and Ramparts of the Market-Town of Bellinzone (2000)
Jungfrau-Aletsch-Bietschhorn (2001, 2007)
Monte San Giorgio (2003)
Lavaux, Vineyard Terraces (2007)

Syrian Arab Republic

Ancient City of Damascus (1979)
Ancient City of Bosra (1980)
Site of Palmyra (1980)
Ancient City of Aleppo (1986)
Crac des Chevaliers and Qal'at Salah El-Din (2006)

Thailand

Historic City of Ayutthaya (1991)
Historic Town of Sukhothai and Associated Historic Towns (1991)
Thungyai-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuaries (1991)
Ban Chiang Archaeological Site (1992)
Dong Phayayen-Khao Yai Forest Complex (2005)

the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid region (1979, 1980)

Togo

Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba (2004)

Tunisia

Amphitheatre of El Jem (1979)
Site of Carthage (1979)
Ichkeul National Park (1980)
Punic Town of Kerkuane and its Necropolis (1985, 1986)
Dougga / Thugga (1997)

Turkey

Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia (1985)
Great Mosque and Hospital of Divri?i (1985)
Hattusha: the Hittite Capital (1986)
Nemrut Da? (1987)
Hierapolis-Pamukkale (1988)
Xanthos-Letoon (1988)
City of Safranbolu (1994)
Archaeological Site of Troy (1998)

Turkmenistan

State Historical and Cultural Park "Ancient Merv" (1999)
Kunya-Urgench (2005)
Parthian Fortresses of Nisa (2007)

Uganda

Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (1994)
Rwenzori Mountains National Park (1994)
Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi (2001)

Ukraine

Kiev: Saint-Sophia Cathedral and Related Monastic Buildings, Kiev-Pechersk Lavra (1990, 2005)
L'viv - the Ensemble of the Historic Centre (1998)
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)
Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians (2007)

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd (1986)
Durham Castle and Cathedral (1986)
Giant's Causeway and Causeway Coast (1986)
Ironbridge Gorge (1986)
St Kilda (1986, 2004, 2005)
Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites (1986)
Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey (1986)
Blenheim Palace (1987)
City of Bath (1987)
Frontiers of the Roman Empire (1987, 2005)
Westminster Palace, Westminster Abbey and Saint Margaret's Church (1987)
Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine's Abbey, and St Martin's Church (1988)
Henderson Island (1988)
Tower of London (1988)
Gough and Inaccessible Islands (1995, 2004)
Old and New Towns of Edinburgh (1995)
Maritime Greenwich (1997)
Heart of Neolithic Orkney (1999)
Blaenavon Industrial Landscape (2000)
Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications, Bermuda (2000)
Derwent Valley Mills (2001)
Dorset and East Devon Coast (2001)
New Lanark (2001)
Saltaire (2001)
Liverpool - Maritime Mercantile City (2004)
Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape (2006)

United Republic of Tanzania

Ngorongoro Conservation Area (1979) #
Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Ruins of Songo Mnara (1981)
Serengeti National Park (1981)
Selous Game Reserve (1982)
Kilimanjaro National Park (1987)
Stone Town of Zanzibar (2000)
Kondoa Rock-Art Sites (2006)

United States of America

Mesa Verde National Park (1978)
Yellowstone National Park (1978)
Everglades National Park (1979)
Grand Canyon National Park (1979)
Independence Hall (1979)
Kluane / Wrangell-St Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek (1979, 1992, 1994)
Redwood National and State Parks (1980)
Mammoth Cave National Park (1981)
Olympic National Park (1981)
Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site (1982)
La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in Puerto Rico (1983)
Great Smoky Mountains National Park (1983)
Statue of Liberty (1984)
Yosemite National Park (1984) #
Chaco Culture (1987)
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park (1987) #
Monticello and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville (1987)
Pueblo de Taos (1992)
Carlsbad Caverns National Park (1995)
Waterton Glacier International Peace Park (1995)

Uruguay

Historic Quarter of the City of Colonia del Sacramento (1995)

Uzbekistan

Itchan Kala (1990)
Historic Centre of Bukhara (1993)
Historic Centre of Shakhrisyabz (2000)

Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)

Coro and its Port (1993)
Canaima National Park (1994)
Ciudad Universitaria de Caracas (2000)

Viet Nam

Complex of Hué Monuments (1993)
Ha Long Bay (1994, 2000)
Hoi An Ancient Town (1999)
My Son Sanctuary (1999)
Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park (2003)

Yemen

Old Walled City of Shibam (1982)
Old City of Sana'a (1986)
Historic Town of Zabid (1993)

Zambia

Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls (1989)

Zimbabwe

Mana Pools National Park, Sapi and Chewore Safari Areas (1984)
Great Zimbabwe National Monument (1986)
Khami Ruins National Monument (1986)
Mosi-oa-Tunya / Victoria Falls (1989)
Matobo Hills (2003)

unesco
World Report
Investing in Cultural Diversity and Intercultural Dialogue

(E?)(L?) http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001852/185202E.pdf

The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are eight goals to be achieved by 2015 that respond to the world’s main development challenges. The MDGs are drawn from the actions and targets contained in the Millennium Declaration that was adopted by 189 nations and signed by 147 heads of State and Governments during the UN Millennium Summit in September 2000. The eight MDGs break down into 21 quantifiable targets that are measured by 60 indicators. The specific indicators can be found at:

(E?)(L?) www.un.org/millenniumgoals

GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER
Target 1a: Reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than a dollar a day
Target 1b: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people
Target 1c: Reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
Target 2a: Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primary schooling
GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN
Target 3a: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015
GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY
Target 4a: Reduce by two thirds the mortality rate among children under five
GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH
Target 5a: Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio
Target 5b: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health
GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES
Target 6a: Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
Target 6b: Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
Target 6c: Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Target 7a: Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes; reverse loss of environmental resources
Target 7b: Reduce biodiversity loss, achieving, by 2010, a significant reduction in the rate of loss
Target 7c: Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
Target 7d: Achieve significant improvement in lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers, by 2020
GOAL 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
Target 8a: Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system
Target 8b: Address the special needs of the least developed countries
Target 8c: Address the special needs of landlocked developing countries and small island developing States
Target 8d: Deal comprehensively with the debt problems of developing countries through national and international measures in order to make debt sustainable in the long term
Target 8e: In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries
Target 8f: In cooperation with the private sector, make available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications

Erstellt: 2011-02

Uni Washington State
Tradition and Memory
World Cultures to 1500

(E?)(L?) http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/110/110.HTM
A terrific overview of Ancient and Medieval History can be found here as part of an online course, based at Washington State University. The free online resources feature clear and informative lecture notes, maps, a photo gallery, timelines, links to relevant sites, and and a World Civilizations Glossary. Main sections include What is Culture?, The Agricultural Revolution, Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, The Hebrews, Minos and Mycenea, Ancient Greece, Hellenistic Greece, Rome, Early Christianity, Ancient India, Buddhism, Ancient China, Ancient China, Islam and Civilizations in Africa. World Cultures to 1500 explores the factors that come together to create "civilization:" social, political, and economic systems; environmental contexts; the creation of states; and philosophy, technology, and the arts. An introductory-level college course, but online materials are accessible to upper secondary students.

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Vizerra (W3)

In der Namensgebung des Internetangebots "Vizerra" wurden drei lateinische Wurzeln vereint: lat. "visio" = "Anblick", "Erscheinung", "Idee", "Sehen", "Vision", "Vorstellung", lat. "erro" = "umherirren", "umherschweifen" und lat. "terra" = "Erde".

Ziel ist es, die UNESCO-Kulturerbestätten in 3D zu erfassen.

(E?)(L?) http://www.vizerra.com/
(E?)(L?) http://vizerra.com/en/about

What is Vizerra?

The word "Vizerra" is derived from familiar Latin roots: "visio" ("vision", "image"), "erro" ("wander") and terra ("Earth"). This name reflects the very essence of the project.

Vizerra is free software which allows you to visit famous historical and architectural monuments from your home! You will have an opportunity to go for a virtual walk through incredibly precise 3D models of the best landmarks in the world.

What can Vizerra be used for?

The UNESCO World Heritage List includes 878 monuments in 145 countries (and 1471 more under consideration). And you can easily expand this list. A person’s whole life might not be enough to visit all these places.

But now some of them can be seen from the comfort of your armchair: The community has gained access to precise virtual copies of real objects by means of Vizerra software, completely free of charge.

A complicated, innovative technological project created within the framework of our company makes it possible for qualified programmers, artists, photographers and sound technicians to recreate precise 3D copies of the most spectacular world landmarks to a dot.

(E?)(L?) http://vizerra.com/en/locations

Old Town Square

There used to be a loud and busy market on the Old Town Square in the XII century. The ancient stones have seen both cavalcades of the kings and executions of rebels since then. The square is dominated by a grand Gothic cathedral - the Church of Our Lady in front of Tyn. Each hour you can hear the delightful chime of Prague Astronomic Clock which is mounted on the wall of the Old Town City Hall. Feel the unique atmosphere of the Old Town Square in Prague in an interactive 3D environment!

Angkor Wat (Angkor Vat)

Once abandoned and lost in the vastness of a huge jungle, this monument of the ancient Khmer civilization is back to impress and astound all who gaze upon it. Angkor Wat is known as an architectural wonder of South-East Asia. It is a national symbol of Cambodia and the country’s main tourist attraction. Over half a million people visit it every year - now you can browse a detailed 3D model of Angkor Wat from the comfort of your own room!

Swayambhunath Stupa

Swayambhunath Stupa is also known as the Monkey Temple, because there are wild monkeys living inside and around it. Both Buddhists and Hindus respect Swayambhunath as a sacred place. 365 stone steps to the top of the mountain where the Stupa stands represent the number of days in a year. Soon you will be able to take a virtual visit to this magnificent structure in full 3D!

(E?)(L?) http://vizerra.com/en/locations

Taj Mahal

A poet once called the Taj Mahal "a teardrop on the cheek of time". Its beauty and a tragic love story behind it attract millions of people to Agra every year. A legend says the architects who built this marble palace had their arms chopped off when they finished it - so that they would not create anything grander and more beautiful. Immerse yourself in the beauty of Taj Mahal through a guided virtual 3D tour!

St Mark's Square

A multitude of architectural masterpieces is located at the Piazza San Marco. It is one of the most famous squares in the world, whose beauty had a great appeal even for medieval travelers. The Piazza San Marco won the hearts of Napoleon, Byron, Hemingway and Brodsky.

Cologne Cathedral

The monumental Cologne Cathedral is a symbol of Cologne and a masterpiece of Gothic style. This is the largest cathedral in Germany, while one of its bells, Peter, is the largest bell in the world, weighing 24 tons. The main treasure of the cathedral is the reliquary of the Three Kings.

Statue of Christ the Redeemer

High above Rio de Janeiro rises the statue of Christ the Redeemer - the symbol of Brazil and one of the New Seven Wonders of the World. From afar the figure with arms opened in a blessing gesture reminds of a huge cross.

Stonehenge

Stonehenge is one of the most famous and mysterious megaliths in the world. The name of Merlin goes side by side with it in all the legends and the first researchers used to think that Stonehenge was a Druid temple. But the radiocarbon analysis showed up that Stonehenge had been erected much earlier - in the Bronze Age.

Petra

Petra is one of the New Seven Wonders of the World and one of the most unusual places on Earth. Carved in rocks, the city is worthy of its name which in Greek means ‘a rock’.

(E?)(L?) http://vizerra.com/en/locations

Locations Country Votes Rating

Echmiadzin Armenia 291 4.73
The historical centre of the Armenian Apostolic Church. Many temples, basilicas and churches, and the whole ensemble is predominated by the Etchmiadzin Cathedral, the seat of the Catholicos.

Temple Expiatori de la Sagrada Família Spain 265 4.37
"Sagrada Família", the main tourist attraction of Barcelona, is a church being constructed under the project of the famous Antoni Gaudí. The construction is not finished yet. Complex architectural forms of each block require individual treatment.

Neidstein Castle Germany 255 4.36
A mysterious castle, waking dream. The King of Bavaria constructed it during seventeen years and finally gave the world the embodiment of romanticism as if it went from the pages of legends and sagas of ancient Germany.

Other

Bran Castle Romania 217 3.13
A medieval castle. The most terrible place of Romania. According to legend there Vlad Tepes, Earl Dracula, made his acts of atrocity.

Bukhara Uzbekistan 206 2.66
The age of Bukhara is more than 2000 years. The centre of the city is Arq fortress, the tower of the last emirs.

Cathedral Square Spain 160 2.30
The gothic Cathedral of Barcelona was constructed throughout six centuries. There, in the cathedral's crypt, is entombed Saint Eulalia, one of two patronesses of the city.

Church of the Intercession on the Nerl Russia 177 2.71
Whitestone Church, a masterpiece of the Old Russian architecture. The Church is erected on water meadow, on an artificial hill, and its elegant silhouette is reflected in the river.

Dam Square Netherlands 162 2.26
Where the central square of Amsterdam is situated today, earlier was the Dam giving the name to this city. Now there is the Royal Palace and its rent costs to the Queen Beatrix nothing but 1 Euro a year.

Dublin Castle Ireland 156 2.30
The building of the castle began after the Norman invasion of Ireland by order of King John of England - the most unlucky king. The castle passed under the jurisdiction of the Irish government after 1922.

Dubrovnik: the Old City Croatia 216 3.29
The historical centre of Dubrovnik, so called “Pearl of the Adriatic”, is zoned by a solid defensive wall. Going along its winding streets, you can feel as if you are in the Middle Ages.

Egeskov Castle Denmark 146 2.33
This excellently preserved castle stands in the middle of the lake island. Egeskov means 'an oak grove' in Danish because it stands on the piles that were constructed with an entire forest of oak trees.

Forbidden City China 203 3.06
The largest palace complex in the world including 9999 rooms. Forbidden City was created by a million of builders and a hundred thousand of other masters: carvers, artists and architects. 24 emperors of The Heavenly Empire lived there.

Grand Place Belgium 219 3.37
The central square of Brussels. The Town Hall and the House of Ship were demolished during the war of 1695 but both buildings were re-edified by merchants of the wealthiest Belgium guilds. Luxurious residences of these guilds also decorate ensemble of the square.

Great Lavra Greece 203 2.58
The ancient dwelling on Mount Athos ranks first among the Athon monasteries. The founder of Great Lavra, Athanasios the Athonite, was the first who affirmed monastic life not only for hermits but for everyone.

Hagia Sophia Turkey 183 2.82
Orthodox cathedral, a world-known monument of Byzantine architecture, “mother of all churhes”. When the Turks conquered Constantinople, the cathedral was transformed into a mosque. Nowadays it is museum.

Kizhi Russia 178 2.70
89 monuments of traditional wooden architecture: chapels, churches, houses and mills. The pearl of Kizhi Pogost is the 22-domed Transfiguration Church.

Kolomenskoe Russia 186 2.72
Open-air museum, country royal estate for Russian tsars and grand princes. Two and a half thousand years ago, there was formed Diakovo Gorodishche, the ancient settlement in the territory of Moscow.

Kronborg Castle Denmark 196 2.47
Kronborg Castle. Elsinore. Palace of Hamlet, the prince of Denmark. This Shakespeare play is performed in the castle every year.

Marienburg Castle Poland 196 2.99
Residence of Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights. The largest brick castle in the world. After the Second World War the construction was completely restored from ruins.

Matsumoto Castle Japan 224 3.46
The ancient citadel of Japan. Unconventionally, it was constructed at the bottom of mountains, on the plain. Black walls stand out sharply against snow-covered hillsides.

Moai, Easter Islands Chile 201 2.92
Colossal statues made of compressed volcanic ash. As legend has it, souls of deceased inhabitants of Easter Island dwell there.

Novgorod Kremlin Russia 121 1.74
The Novgorod Kremlin or the Detinets is the most ancient of Russian kremlins. Not once has it caught fire and has been reconstructed later during its long history. And during World War II the Germans had barracks there. The UNESCO declared the Kremlin a World Heritage Site.

Nubian Monuments Egypt 214 3.29
These Egyptiac temples are more than three thousand years. They are valuable to mankind as both temples were transferred to a new place during construction of Aswan Dam, and the cost of this operation was more than 80 million dollars.

Orangery Palace Germany 121 1.76
Built in the style of the Italian Renaissance after the drawings by Friedrich Wilhelm IV, the King of Prussia, the Orangery Palace stands near the northern border of Sanssouci Park. Part of the premises is used as a museum while the rest of the Palace is a winter greenhouse for the exotic plants from the garden. The Palace was added to the UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites.

Palace of Versailles France 176 2.51
A splendid royal residence near Paris. Here lived Louis XIV of France, the Sun King. It is here that the German Empire was founded and the Treaty of Versailles was signed.

Pena National Palace Portugal 198 2.71
The palace is erected on the lofty cliff, in fantastic pseudo-medieval style. The castle and bordering park served as a summer residence of the Portuguese kings.

Predjama Castle Slovenia 154 2.23
The castle arising from the shoulder of lofty cliff previously was the house of Slovenian Robin Hood, Erazem of Predjama, a defender of poor and offended. Now it is the Museum of Medieval Arms.

Rathaus Square Germany 162 2.39
A huge square where the Mayor and the Senate work. The majestic building of town hall (Rathaus) symbolizes power of Hamburg, the city entered the Hanseatic League among the first.

Samarkand Uzbekistan 117 1.67
The capital of ancient Sogdiana. The capital of Tamerlane's empire. Second city of Uzbekistan. Immortal and ever-young city.

Signoria Square Italy 157 2.24
The political centre of Florence from ancient times to the present day. The square is decorated with a lot of sculptures among which there are originals of Michelangelo, Donatello and Bandinelli.

Statue of Liberty USA 160 2.29
Favorite sculpture. A symbol of New York. It was presented by France to mark the Centennial of the American Declaration of Independence.

Stephansplatz Austria 141 2.00
The square of the Austrian patron St. Stephen with the famous Cathedral serving as a symbol of Vienna.

Suzdal Kremlin Russia 109 1.58
The most ancient part of Suzdal - one of the cities of the 'Golden Ring' tourist route. A white-stone complex includes the Cathedral of the Nativity, the Archbishops' Chambers and St. Nicholas Church.

Sveti Stefan Montenegro 186 3.04
The most prestigious health resort of Montenegro, nicknamed “The Island of Millionaires”. Staircases, paved paths, and red roofs of houses create a romantic atmosphere of the Middle Ages.

Tenochtitlan Mexico 161 2.40
The capital of the Aztec civilization, a city located in the island amid salt lake. In the middle of the second millennium it was the largest city on the planet but now it is utterly ruined.

Teotihuacan Mexico 122 1.82
A bi-millennium city which name is translated as “birthplace of the gods”. Nobody knows who erected its pyramids. The Aztecs saw only the majestic ruins.

Trafalgar Square Great Britain 149 2.17
A square in central London with the famous Nelson’s Column where main holidays, demonstrations and mass festivals take place. There, on the 8th of May 1945, Churchill announced to Londoners about the victory in the Second World War.

Erstellt: 2010-02

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worldheritagesite
World Heritage Site

world-heritage-tour - World Heritage Tour

(E?)(L1) http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/
Die Datenbank präsentiert eine Vielzahl dokumentarischer Panoramabilder und Virtual-Reality-Filme von UNESCO-Weltkulturerbestätten.

Beim schnellen drehen der Bilder kann einem schwindlig werden - aber sonst sehr gut. ;-)

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Buecher zur Kategorie:

Etymologie, Etimología, Étymologie, Etimologia, Etymology
@_ Welt, Mundo, Monde, Mondo, World
Kultur, Culture, Culture

amazon - Kultur, Culture, Culture

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Friedell, Egon - Kulturgeschichte der Neuzeit

(E?)(L?) http://www.utopie1.de/friedell
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/3406409881/etymologporta-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3406409881/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/3406409881/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3406409881/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3406409881/etymologpor09-20
Gebundene Ausgabe: 1570 Seiten
Verlag: C.H.Beck; Auflage: 2., Aufl. (September 1996)
Sprache: Deutsch

Kurzbeschreibung
Aus dem enzyklopädischen Wissensschatz von Friedell lernt der Leser, warum man nur von einer italienischen Renaissance sprechen könne, wieso es keine zufälligen Erfindungen gebe, worin der Unterschied zwischen Schönheit und Güte liege, wieso Faust als Realpolitiker endete und wie sich Jesus zur sozialen Frage verhalte. Der Leser begegnet der Dramaturgin Roswitha, dem göttlichen Aretino, einem kindlichen Luther, dem keineswegs liebenswürdigen Michelangelo, dem Mephisto der Romantik, dem Sänger aus Thule, und wird Zeuge von 500 Jahren Haartracht, Mode und Esskultur. Dabei meidet Friedel genausowenig die Verwendung anachronistischer Schlagwörter der zeitgenössischen Debatte (z. B. "Materialismus" und "Nihilismus") wie subjektive Ansichten. Er nimmt häufig auf seinem christlichen Glauben Bezug und analysiert seine Sujets mit Vorzug nach ihrem Nationalcharakter.

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Haller, Dieter
dtv-Atlas Ethnologie

(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/3423032596/etymologporta-20
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3423032596/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/3423032596/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3423032596/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L?) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3423032596/etymologpor09-20
Taschenbuch: 320 Seiten
Verlag: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag (1. November 2005)
Sprache: Deutsch

Kurzbeschreibung
Ein einmaliges und reichbebildertes Nachschlagewerk

Der ›dtv-Atlas Ethnologie‹ führt anschaulich und verständlich in das Fachgebiet ein. Informative Farbgraphiken und ausführliche Texte geben einen Überblick über Theorien und Arbeitsweisen der Ethnologen, um dann die Themenbereiche Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Verwandschaft und Religion darzustellen.

Dieser Atlas stellt dem Leser das Handwerkszeug zur Verfügung, mit dem er das Wissen, das er über einzelne Gruppen und Kulturen hat mit dem Wissen über andere Gruppen und Kulturen in Beziehung setzen kann und so in der Lage ist, urmenschliches Verhalten von kulturspezifischem zu unterscheiden.

Mit 127 Abbildungsseiten in Farbe!

(E?)(L?) http://www.dtv.de/
dtv

Higgins, Godfrey
Anacalypsis

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Watson, Peter
Das Lächeln der Medusa

(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/3442152534/etymologporta-20
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3442152534/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/3442152534/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3442152534/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3442152534/etymologpor09-20
Taschenbuch: 1183 Seiten
Verlag: Goldmann (November 2003)
Sprache: Deutsch

Kurzbeschreibung
Das Standardwerk zur Geistesgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts.
Das 20. Jahrhundert war beides - eine Epoche der Gewalt und des Leidens, aber ebenso eine Zeit der tief greifenden und außergewöhnlichen Ideen, Entdeckungen und Entwicklungen. Peter Watsons Geschichte ist nicht diejenige der Kriege und Völkermorde, der Verträge und Politiker. Hier begegnet der Leser dem anderen 20. Jahrhundert, dem der Schriftsteller, Maler, Wissenschaftler und Philosophen. "Das Lächeln der Medusa" erzählt von bahnbrechenden Erkenntnissen und Entdeckungen, von Literatur und Kunst und natürlich von jenen Menschen - viele davon berühmt, manche unentdeckt oder in Vergessenheit geraten -, die diese Leistungen vollbracht haben.

Beginnend mit den vier großen Innovationen um das Jahr 1900 - die Entdeckung des Unbewussten, des Quants, des Gens sowie Picassos erste Werke in Paris - spannt Watson seinen Bogen über ein ganzes Jahrhundert, zieht den Leser hinein in die spannende Welt der Wissenschaft und Kultur. Meisterhaft gelingt es ihm, geballtes Wissen kurzweilig und anschaulich zu vermitteln. Watsons Lust am Erzählen ist in jeder Zeile spürbar und macht dieses Standardwerk des Wissens zu einer Entdeckungsreise des Lesers selbst und damit zu einem großen Lesevergnügen.

Watson trennt die einzelnen Disziplinen nicht voneinander, sondern verwebt Naturwissenschaft, Philosophie und Kultur zu einem großen Ganzen. Er zeigt, wie sie sich wechselseitig inspirieren, einander ergänzen und setzt so ein ganzes Jahrhundert Geistesgeschichte in einen allumfassenden Kontext.

Das Schreckliche und das Schöne (der Originaltitel dieses Buches lautet nach einem Vers von Yeats "The Terrible Beauty") - im 20. Jahrhundert liegt beides dicht beieinander. Der Autor hat sich dem Schönen gewidmet, ohne die Schattenseiten außer Acht zu lassen. Dieses Buch ist ein Füllhorn an Wissen und Geschichte(n), ist humorvoll, spannend und häufig überraschend. Und nicht zuletzt weckt Watson die Lust auf "mehr" - "Das Lächeln der Medusa" ist ein wundervoller Überblick wie Einstieg für jeden, der sich intensiver mit der Geistesgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts beschäftigen möchte.

Watson, Peter / Badal, Yvonne (Übersetzer)
Ideen

(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/3570006263/etymologporta-20
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3570006263/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/3570006263/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3570006263/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3570006263/etymologpor09-20
Das Buch enthält u.a. Kapitel zur "Entstehung der Sprachen".

Gebundene Ausgabe: 1278 Seiten
Verlag: C. Bertelsmann Verlag (Oktober 2006)
Sprache: Deutsch

Kurzbeschreibung
VOM ABENTEUER DES DENKENS, ENTDECKENS UND ERFINDENS. DIE GROßE KULTURGESCHICHTE DER MENSCHHEIT.
Leseschmöker und Denkabenteuer, Fundgrube und Ideen-Kompendium - Peter Watson bietet nach "Das Lächeln der Medusa" erneut Geistesgeschichte zum Anfassen.

Beginnt die Ideengeschichte der Menschheit, als die Frühmenschen erstmals Feuer machen, vor ca. 1,8 Millionen Jahren? Oder schon mit dem ersten Faustkeil vor etwa 2,5 Millionen Jahren? Warum entwickelte sich vor 40 000 Jahren eine komplexe Sprache? Wie kamen das "Minus-Zeichen" und das "Plus-Zeichen" in die Vorstellungswelt, und wie entstand das Bild vom Paradies? Peter Watson lädt ein zu einer Expedition durch die abenteuerliche Welt menschlicher Ideen. Vom ersten Feuer, dem ersten Werkzeug und den ersten Worten über die Geburt der Götter, die ersten Gesetze und die Entwicklung großer Zentren von Wissen und Weisheit bis hin zu den umwälzenden Ideen der Moderne: das Größte und das Kleinste, das Selbst-Bewusstsein des Individuums und die Entdeckung des Unbewussten. Dabei ordnet Watson die riesige Materialfülle nach drei zentralen Ideen, die für ihn die Geschichte der Menschheit prägen: die Seele, mehr als die Idee von einem Gott, Europa, mehr als das Gebiet auf der Landkarte, und das Experiment als Motor aller Entwicklung. Wie schon in seinem erfolgreichen Standardwerk "Das Lächeln der Medusa" über die Ideen des 20. Jahrhunderts gelingt es dem begnadeten Wissensvermittler, den Leser in den Kosmos des Denkens und Erfindens zu locken. Voller Staunen verfolgt man das Auftauchen und Verschwinden von Ideen, Denkern und Kulturen, erkennt ungeahnte Zusammenhänge und sieht schließlich die eigene Welt als Produkt eines gewaltigen Prozesses aus Mut, Erfindungsgeist und Erkenntnislust.

Klappentext
"Ein hochambitioniertes Vorhaben, das an die berühmten "Enzyklopädie" der Aufklärer Denis Diderot und Jean le Rond d'Alembert erinnert. Bei aller Informationsdichte liest sich das im ruhigen Plauderton geschriebene, mit Anekdoten angereicherte Buch wunderbar leicht."
Aargauer Zeitung

"Eine Tour d'horizon durch die Kulturen und Jahrtausende, ein unterhaltsamer Leserschmöker und eine wahre Bildungsfundgrube."
Neues Deutschland

"Man muss schon Engländer, Historiker und gewiefter Journalist sein, um so grosszügig ausgreifen und so unaufdringlich "gebildet" die Wege und Seitensprünge der menschlichen Ideen schildern zu können, ohne je zu langweilen oder besserwisserisch zu sein. Ein echtes Weihnachtsgeschenk, der nachhaltigen Art, das auf dem Nachttischchen einen geistigen Mundvorrat nicht nur fürs Jahr 2007 bereithält."
NZZ

Wolle, Helmut
Götter, Mumien und Hetären
Kulturgeschichtliche Miniaturen

(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/3061027017/etymologporta-20
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.de/exec/obidos/ASIN/3061027017/etymologety0f-21
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.fr/exec/obidos/ASIN/3061027017/etymologetymo-21
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/3061027017/etymologety0d-21
(E?)(L1) http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/3061027017/etymologpor09-20
Gebundene Ausgabe: 288 Seiten
Berlin : Volk u. Wissen, 1988, 4. Aufl.

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@_ Welt, Mundo, Monde, Mondo, World
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Das Lächeln der Medusa

Watson, Peter / Badal, Yvonne (Übersetzer)
Ideen

Wolle, Helmut
Götter, Mumien und Hetären
Kulturgeschichtliche Miniaturen